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Philosophy of Religion OCR summary - full paper
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Summary of all of the topics on RS OCR Paper One, Philosophy of Religion including supporting and counter arguments, and key figures
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Plato The Forms (including the Form of the Good, The Analogy of the Sun, Rationalism Aristotle: Believed the Forms were pointlessThe Cave and the Divided Line) A priori
Reasoning - Dianoia
Intelligence - Noesis
Aristotle The Four Causes (Material, Formal, Efficient and Final) Eudaimonia Grey Hughes: Cat and Milk Analogy suggests that if a
Human Flourishing Potentiality and Actuality bowl of milk was placed in a room, the cat would
Prime Mover (Everything is always in constant motion) Combination of Empiricism move to it - supporting Aristotle - however this is
and Rationalism flawed as it considers the relationship between two
Reductio ad Absurdum physical objects
David Hume (Cause and Effect) - the change that we
see does not mean that we can say that an object has
caused another to move - Fallacy of affirmation of the
consequent” - however this is extremely sepsis and so
most would disagree
Newton: Aristotle misunderstood the laws of nature
Plato (Mind Rejection of Physicalism - he believed that the soul was from the Theseus’s Ship Socrates - inspired Plato when he was stoned to
and Body) Forms and so is eternal Conscious death but accepted it as he believed there was an
The Soul was a very complex being - tripartite view of the soul/the city Phineas Gage afterlife for the soul
and the charioteer Philosophical Zombies
The Cave - we use our senses to explore this world but they are Physicalism
incorrect and our inner self who escapes is our soul returning to the Dualism
forms Meno’s Slave
Aristotle (Mind All living things have a soul which is not separate from the body and Principles of life
and Body) gives it its characteristics
The Human Soul can separate and is eternal when the body dies - this
is the reason which is eternal
Descartes Believed in knowledge of the eternal truths can be attained by reason Substance Dualism John Locke: argued that the mind cannot exhibit
alone Cogito ergo Sum temporal discontinuity and also have thought as its
Some initiate ideas come from God (these are the only valid ones) The Wax Argument essence - but the mind has both a conscious and
Methods of Doubt: Perceptual Illusion, The Dream Problem and A Conceivability unconscious and is not always evident that it is
Devicing God Divisibility thinking or that the soul is always thinking but we do
, Knowledge about the External World - we know the external world Rationalism not remember all of these thought
from out experience but this can be wrong and so we cannot know the David Hume: he dislikes the idea that the
world we are in - but we can know our bodies consciousness is one unit but that there is such a
Innate Ideas - ideas that the mind has certain capacities to use which diversity of experience that these much be various
cannot be explained by empirical knowledge ideas and thinks that dualism is unfounded and
The Conceivability Argument undermined
1. I have a clear and distinct idea of myself as something that Threat of solipsism (the view that the self is all that
thinks and isn’t extended. exists) which is the idea that everyone could be a
2. I have a clear and distinct idea of the body as something that machine and so there is only one mind? (google)
is extended and does not think.
3. If I have a clear and distinct thought of something, God can
create it in a way that corresponds to my thought.
4. Therefore, God can create mind as something that thinks and
isn’t extended and body as something that is extended and
does not think.
5. Therefore, mind and body can exist independently of one
another.
6. Therefore, mind and body are two distinct substances.
The Divisibility Argument
Pierre Gassendi The soul has a material part and an immaterial part: attempts to give Rational
an atomic explanation of the nature if the soul and believed that the Material
animal soul is a material object but the rational element is not Dualism
corporeal and is from God
Thomas Believed that there is nothing but material things and that there is Mechanical Materialist
Hobbes only one category of things in existence - stuff - but that we are
complex
Denis Diderot Argued with John Locke and his emphasis on observation and he was Scientific Materialism John Locke
confident that all things could be understood by using reason to Enlightenment thinking
interpret data supplied through the senses
Richard Memes and everything is physical so when the body dies as does the Memetics
Dawkins brain Materialism
“We are just bytes and bytes of digital information” Atheist
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