AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |
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List the differences between a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell. - Eukaryotic Cell:
- nucleus (has more DNA) that's bound by a double membrane
- endomembrane organelles in the cytosol (nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, plasma membrane, various types of vesicles & vacuoles)
- typically larger
Prokaryotic Cell:
- no nucleus, but has DNA (circular chromosome) that is concentrated in the nucleoid that's not bound
by a membrane
- no endomembrane organelles
- typically smaller
List the similarities between a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell. - - plasma membrane
- cytosol (filler)
- chromosomes (carry genes in the form of DNA)
- ribosomes
- phospholipid bilayer
- vacuoles (Plant cells have one large vacuole; animal cells have multiple small vacuoles)
- cytoplasm
- cholesterol
Give two causes for size limits for certain cell types. Which would be considered the main reason for size
limits? - The need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs is a major
cause of the size limits for certain types of cells.
A large surface area : volume ratio is helpful because nutrients needed to sustain the cell enter via the
surface of the cell & are needed in quantities related to the cell volume.
The smaller the size of the object, the larger its surface area : volume ratio.
, Ex: In the jelly auger cell lab, diffusion was most efficient in the smallest cube. The larger the cube, the
less diffusion occurs because volume increases faster.
- Surface area : volume ratio needs to be small.
- DNA overload - the larger you get, the bigger the result & the more stuff. It cannot handle all the jobs it
needs to do.
- As the cell gets bigger = the job of its DNA gets bigger
Function of Rough ER - - Produces proteins for export (protein transport = protein secretion*)
- Active & used in membrane synthesis (synthesizes phospholipids & proteins)
- Aids in synthesis of secretory & other proteins
- Makes membrane, phospholipids, structures
- Protein Production
Function of Smooth ER - - Synthesizes lipids
- Metabolizes carbohydrates
- Detoxifies drugs & poison
- Has a collection of enzymes that detoxify drugs, especially in the LIVER
- Stores calcium ions
- Active in membrane synthesis
Function of Ribosomes - - Make proteins
- Carry out protein synthesis
Function of Golgi Apparatus - - Active in synthesis, modification, sorting, & secretion of cell products
- Tags, sorts, & packages materials into transport vesicles ("UPS headquarters")
Function of Lysosomes - - Breaks down ingested substances, cell macromolecules, food (phagocytosis),
& damaged organelles (autotrophy) for recycling
- Gets rid of damaged organelles & waste
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