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AP Biology Unit 1, AP Biology Unit 2 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Biology Unit 1, AP Biology Unit 2 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Biology Unit 1, AP Biology Unit 2 | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+Graded | 100% Verified
Matter - Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Element - Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each
has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.
Compound - Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
*Characteristics different than those of its elements
CHON - 4 elements essential to life
Trace Elements - Required by an organism only in minute quantities.
Atom - Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic
particles. Mostly empty space.
Subatomic particles - Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.
Proton - One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.
Electron - One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.
Atomic Nucleus - Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.
Neutrons - Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.
Atomic Number - The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to
left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral
,Mass Number - Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.
Isotopes - Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass.
Same element.
Radioactive Isotope - One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.
Energy - Capacity to cause change
Potential Energy - Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this
based on distance from nucleus.
Electron Shells - Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level.
Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.
Valence Electrons - Electrons in the outermost shell.
Chemical Bonds - The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.
Covalent Bond - Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Molecule - Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Single Bond - One pair of shared electrons.
Structural Formula - H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.
Double Bond - Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.
, Valence - Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the
outermost (valence) shell.
Electronegativity - The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond - Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.
Polar Covalent Bond - Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of
the bond are not shared equally.
Ionic Bonds - The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an
ionic bond.
Ion - A charged atom.
Cation - A positively charged atom.
Anion - A negatively charged atom.
Ionic Compounds - Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.
Hydrogen Bond - When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted
to another electronegative atom.
van der Waals Interactions - Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms
and molecules to stick to one another.
Molecular Shape - Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.
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