Summary
Summary AQA Psychology Paper 1 - Attachment
- Module
- Attachment
- Institution
- AQA
A full summary of attachment. Includes AO1 and AO3 points to help build essay plans.
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Attachment,Cargiver-infant interactions -
Developmental importances a weakness is that simply by observing a behaviour it
Attachment
s close
two-way emotional bond between two induviduals in which each induvidual doesn't tell us about how important it is in development .
Feldman 2012) says that
for their emotional security gives behaviour it isn't explaining behaviour
sees the other as essential ow n
. Synchrony just a name to a -
the purpose of a
social interactions are important for babies development , particularly the caregiver-infant i . C .
why babies show synchrony. This means that we can't be certain from
attachment
. Observational research that reciprocity + interactional synchrony are important for
- There are 2 important interactions : a child's development. However, others suggests that early interactions are
Reciprocity (when each person responds to the other gets a response from them e g ., the
. important e .
g . , Izabella et al found that good caregiver-infant interactions predict
caregiver might smile + the baby infant will copy
. good . This
attachment suggests that caregiver-infant interactions probably are
Alert phases : time when a baby is awake t can have a social interaction
. At about 3 months important.
old the interactions I Practical value ethics the research has practical application in
get more frequent + there's close attention to verbal signs + facial vs <
parenting
expressions (feldman 2007). A
key element of this interaction 1 reciprocity. . Crotwell
Skills training 2013) found that 10 minute parent-child interactions therapy
~ Research suggests that babies aren't passive , as was the belief .
Researchers believe babies (PCIT) improved synchrony in 20 low income mothers + their preschool children
.
have an active role + both carers and babies can initiate interactions + take turns in doing However , this is socially sensitive research as it could be argued that when mother's
So . Brazelton et al (1975) described the interaction as a dance -
as each person responds return to work soon after birth , it may risk damaging the babies development
. It also
to the other move. Research suggests that mothers pick-up on their babies alertness , suggests that low income mothers don't know how to interact with their child.
around 3 of the time (Feldman + Eidelman 2007). This varies depending on the mother +
external factors such as stress (finegood et al 2016) .
Active involvement : traditional views suggested that babies were passive receiving ,
care
from an adult. However ,
it seems that actually , babies as well as caregivers take quite an
. Both babies
active role + caregivers can initiate interactions + take turns in
doing so
Brazelton et al describes this as a dance ,
each person responds to the other
.
Interactional Synchrony <two people are synchronised when they carry out the same
action simultaneously. It's the 'temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour
Feldman 2007) .
It happens when a carer + baby interact in such a
way their actions and
emotions mirror each other .
Synchrony begins < Meltzoff + Moore (1977) looked at how interactional synchrony begins in
babies as young as 2 weeks old .
Adults displayed one of three facial expressions + one of
three gestures to a baby. This was filmed + showed that there was an association between
the facial expression or the gesture of the adult + the action of the child
.
Importance for attachment interactional synchrony is also important for a good attachment.
Isabella et al (1989) observed 30 mothers + infants together + assessed the degree of synchrony.
They also assessed the quality of mother-infant attachment
.
They found that high levels of
Synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachment
.
Evaluation of caregiver-infant interactions :
+ filmed observations < the observations of mother-infant interactions are well controlled
procedures , carried out in a lab so other distractions can be controlled
. They are usually filmed
+ can then be analysed , looking at very fine details of behaviour , which is a strength of research
on this area .
Films can be analysed + watched over t over so nothing is missed . Also ,
more than
one observer can analyse the film to establish inter-rater reliability. Also , babies don't
know that they're being filmed so there behaviour doesn't change
during an observation , like
adults might. This ensures good reliability + validity
.
Difficulty observing babies <what is being observed is facial expressions hand , movements etc
.
It's difficult to be certain 'imitations' are
that these conscious + deliberate on the infants
+ not
part just random movements. Therefore difficult to conclude that they have special meaning
+ are
actually a demonstration of reciprocity or interactional synchrony
.
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