DNA packaging: goes from....correct answers Double helix -> chromatin -> chromosomes
Nucleosomes are made up ofcorrect answers Core proteins: H2A, H2B, H3, H4
200 bp of DNA ish
H1 linker histones bind to DNA
Histone code hypothesis statescorrect answers Covalent modification of histon...
Nucleosomes are made up ofcorrect answers Core proteins: H2A, H2B, H3, H4
200 bp of DNA ish
H1 linker histones bind to DNA
Histone code hypothesis statescorrect answers Covalent modification of histone
residues via the N-tail of core histones affect the transcriptional status of DNA
Histone acetylation works bycorrect answers neutralizing the charges on histones and
loosens up the interactions between histones and DNA
Levels of DNA condensation can be assed via treating nuclei withcorrect answers
DNase 1
Centromeres are important because theycorrect answers hold the 2 sister chromatids
together and also act as a point of attachment of the kinetochore where microtubules of
mitotic spindles attach
What type of stain is typically used in chromosome stainingcorrect answers Giesma
stain
Aneuploidycorrect answers Abnormal number of chromosomes.
Haploid genome is composed ofcorrect answers 3.3 billion base pairs, 23 chromosomes
True or false:
50% of the human genome is protein coding sequencecorrect answers False only about
1.5% of the genome is protein-coding.
Less than 50% is even single copy sequence
Repetivie nuclear genome can be broken down intocorrect answers Segemental
duplications
Small repetetive DNA sequences
,Segmental duplication is made up ofcorrect answers Whole regions and individual
genes (rRNA)
Small repetetive DNA can be broken down intocorrect answers Clustered and dispersed
repeats
Clustered repeats includecorrect answers Telomeres
Centromeres
Short tandem repeats
Dispersed repeats includecorrect answers SINES
LINES
Transposable elements
Transposable elements can lead to disorders such ascorrect answers PTSD
Alcoholism
ALZ
Parkinson
True or false the distribution of genes is even through a genomecorrect answers False,
there are poor and rich regions
UTRs of mRNA are important forcorrect answers post-transcriptional gene regulation
Expression analysis transcriptomics would use what test?correct answers Microarrays
RNA seq
Expression analysis proteomics would use what test?correct answers Mass spec
Mutation analysis genomics would use what test?correct answers DNA seq
Sanger sequencingcorrect answers Uses a primer to begin synthesis of new DNA
Add labeled bases which terminate synthesis when incporated
Use elctrophoresis
Variant panels are done tocorrect answers look for comon pathogenic gene variants or
alleles
Allele specific oligohybrdiziation is used forcorrect answers Detecting an absence or
presence of common mutations of gene
Normal metabolizercorrect answers 2 normal function alleles
,Intermediate metabolizercorrect answers 1 normal one no functional alleles
Poor metabolizercorrect answers 2 no functional aleles
Rapid metabolizercorrect answers 1 increased function allele
Ultra-rapid metabolizercorrect answers 2 increased function alleles
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are responsible forcorrect answers Metabolizing
endogeneous and exogenous compounds
Synthesis of cholesterole and steroid
Synthesis of bile acid and vit D
Resposnible for drug activation or detox
Increase aq solubkity
*3 tells us what?correct answers It's the 2nd variant of an isoenzyme
CYP3A5, how would we break this down?correct answers CYP3 = family
A = subfamily
5 = isoenzyme
Tacrolimus is commonly used for kidney transplant, however it is less functional
withcorrect answers *3
*6
*7
Growing strand is extended at thecorrect answers 3' end
PCNAcorrect answers Eukaryotic version of B-clamp, it basically just increases
porccessibtiy
There are DNA replication proofreaders, these are known ascorrect answers 3'->5'
exonuclease
Exonuclease moves incorrect nucleotides at thecorrect answers 3' end
Which DNA polymerase does not have a proofreading mechanism directly
attachedcorrect answers Alpha
Polymerase alpha functioncorrect answers Alpha complexes with DNA primase,
initiating RNA primer, then there's a short stretch of DNA
Polymerase delta functioncorrect answers Extend okazaki fragments on lagging strand
Polymerase ebsalon functioncorrect answers Extends leading strand
, Nucleosidecorrect answers nitrogenous base + sugar
What are nucleoside analogscorrect answers Modifications of nucleosides which inhbiit
DNA polymerase via an altered 3' OH on the ribose backbone
Torsional stress on DNA can be undone viacorrect answers Topoisomerase
DNA toposiomerase I does whatcorrect answers Covalently attahces to a DNA
phosphate thereby breaking a phosphodiester linkage in ONE DNA STRAND
This allows rotation relative to each other
DNA topoisomerase II does whatcorrect answers Two DNA double helicies are
interlocked, TI II creates a transient double strand break allowing the caught dNA strand
to go through the now broken strand, that is then put back together
Topoisomerase I inhibitor does whatcorrect answers acts on cleavage complex and
prevents re-ligation when replication forks collide - DS BREAK
Topoisomerase II inhibitor does whatcorrect answers Acts on cleavage complex and
prevents re-ligaiton
Give an example of anticancer topoisomerase drugcorrect answers Etoposide and
doxorubicin
Give an example of antibacterial topoisomerase drugcorrect answers Fluoroquinones
(CIpro)
Typically on the lagging strand what happens after synthesis, there's an issue.correct
answers Shorterning at 5' end of lagging strand because no place for primer to
synthesize end fragment
Telomerase is what type of enzyme?correct answers Reverse transcriptase
Deaminations of cytosine causescorrect answers C->U
5meth-C -> T
Deamunation of adenine and guaninecorrect answers A->Hypoxanthine
G->Xanthine
Oxidative damage of DNA can be cause thymine to becomecorrect answers Thymine
glycol
Oxidative damage of DNA can cause guanine to becomecorrect answers 8-Oxoguanine
(BP with adenine)
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