NSC Chapter 13 Test with Complete Solutions
Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria? - Answer-bacteria in the human gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
a virus is most analogous to a(n) _____. - Answer-carjacker
DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic ...
Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria? - Answer-bacteria in the human
gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
a virus is most analogous to a(n) _____. - Answer-carjacker
DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic information because ________. -
Answer-RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
______ may have been a source of organic monomers on early earth - Answer-
meteorites
Scientists hypothesize that _______ served as a primitive template for forming polymer
chains from organic subunits, such as amino acids. - Answer-clay particles in tidal flats
The close relationship between _____ and animals can be seen in the similarity of these
protists and sponges, simple animals. - Answer-choanoflagellates
The ____ water mold was responsible for the Irish famine in the mid-1800s. - Answer-
phytophthora
you boil water that has been extracted from a swamp and find archaea that are still
alive. These archaea are most likely ______. - Answer-thermophiles
Viral Reassortment - Answer-occurs when two related viruses that infect the same host
as the same time, can lead tot eh emergence of new viral strains.
The appearance of _______- on earth due to the action of photosynthetic bacteria
occurred about 2.7 billion years ago. - Answer-oxygen
Microbiome - Answer-Collection of microorganisms that inhabits a specific habitat, such
as a human body.
Pathogen - Answer-Disease-causing agent
Hydrothermal vent - Answer-Underwater opening from which mineral-rich water heated
by geothermal energy streams out.
3 Hypotheses about the source of the organic building blocks for Earth's first life -
Answer-1. Lightning fueled atmospheric reactions
, 2. Delivery from space via meteorites
3. Reactions at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Stanley Miller - Answer-Hypothesized that lightning fueled atmospheric reactions could
produce simple organic compounds.
Iron-sulfur world hypothesis - Answer-Hypothesis that life began in rocks rich in iron
sulfide near deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
Protocell - Answer-Membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules;
hypothesized to have formed prior to the earliest cells.
RNA world hypothesis - Answer-Hypothesis that RNA served as the first material of
inheritance
Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel - Answer-proposed the RNA world hypothesis
Endosymbiont hypothesis - Answer-hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts
evolved from free-living bacteria that entered and lived inside another cell.
Ozone layer - Answer-Atmospheric layer with a high concentration of ozone that
prevents much UV radiation from reaching Earth's surface.
Stromatolites - Answer-Dome-shaped structures composed of layers of prokaryotic cells
and sediments; forms in shallow seas.
Virus - Answer-A noncellular infectious particle with a protein coat and a genome of
RNA or DNA; replicates only in living cells.
Bacteriophage (phages) - Answer-non-enveloped virus that infects bacteria
disease vector - Answer-organism that carries a pathogen from one host to the next.
viral envelope - Answer-a layer of cell membrane derived from the host cell in which an
enveloped virus was produced.
Viral replication cycle - Answer-1. virus attaches to an appropriate host cell by binding to
a specific protein in the host's plasma membrane
2. Then the viral genome or another viral component enters into the cell
3. The Viral genes take over a host's cellular machinery
4. viral components self-assemble to form new viral particles
5. These particles are released from the infectious cell when the cell bursts, or they may
bud from the host cell taking pieces of the plasma membrane with them.
Bacteriophage replication - Answer-1. starts when a bacteriophage attaches to a
bacterial cell and injects its DNA
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