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Summary AQA A level Biology Paper 1 topic 4 notes £7.16   Add to cart

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Summary AQA A level Biology Paper 1 topic 4 notes

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A detailed summary of the AQA A level Biology paper 1 topic 4 which has been edited to learn help the content and the mark scheme too.

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  • August 24, 2024
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T4: genetic information,
variation and relationships
between organisms
3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes

give three features of DNA in prokaryotic cells
-short, circular, not associated with proteins

give three features of DNA in eukaryotic cells
-found in nucleus, long, associated with proteins called histones to form
chromosomes

what is a a gene?
-a base sequence of DNA which codes for

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

functional RNA

what is an allele?
-alternative forms of a gene

what is a locus?
-the fixed position a gene occupies on the DNA molecule

what is a triplet?
-a sequence of three DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acid

give three features of the genetic code
-degenerate, non-overlapping, universal

what are exons and introns and in which DNA are they found?
-exons= coding and introns= non- coding
-introns only found in eukaryotic DNA



T4: genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms 1

, what is meant by a pair of homologous chromosomes?
-a pair where one is maternal and one is paternal
-they have the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles

3.4.2 DNA and proteinsynthesis

what is the genome?
-complete set of genes in a cell

what is the proteome?
-full range of proteins a cell is able to produce

compare and contrast the structures of mRNA and tRNA
-mRNA is larger than tRNA
-mRNA is linear whereas tRNA id clover shaped
-they both have codons
-both use base U instead of T

explain how transcription is carried out

1- DNA helicase breaks H bonds between base pairs causing DNA
strands to separate
2- one DNA strand acts as a template

3- free RNA nucleotides line up opposite complementary base pairs and
H bonds form between them
4- RNA polymerase catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds to
join adjacent RNA nucleotides together
5- pre-mRNA spliced to remove introns and form mRNA

what is the difference in the last step of transcription in eukaryotes and
prokaryotes?
-in eukaryotes introns are present in DNA so splicing occurs but in
prokaryotic DNA there are no introns

-pre mRNA only produced in eukaryotes

where does translation occur?
-in the ribosome

explain the process of translation



T4: genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms 2

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