BBH 432 Exam 1 (Tend and Befriend) Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Module
BBH 432
Institution
BBH 432
Tend-and-Befriend 1. under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) (Connectedness) 2. Introduced by Shelley Taylor and colleagues 3. Tending reduces biological stress in mother and offspring
Primary hormones 1. ...
BBH 432 Exam 1 (Tend and Befriend)
Review Questions and Correct Answers
Tend-and-Befriend ✅1. under stress, people (especially women) often provide support
to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
(Connectedness)
2. Introduced by Shelley Taylor and colleagues
3. Tending reduces biological stress in mother and offspring
Primary hormones ✅1. Tend-and-Befriend: Oxytocin
--Oxytocin is greater in women than men with estrogen impacting it greatly
--Oxytocin tends to calm the stress response by bringing down cortisol and epinephrine
levels
--Counteracts fight-or-flight
--found to enhance sedation and relaxation, reduce fearfulness, and decrease
sympathetic activity, patterns of responses that are opposite to the fight-or-flight
response
•Oxytocin injections increase maternal behavior in animal research.
•Higher levels make women more social.
2. Fight-or-Flight: Testosterone
Development of the Theory ✅1. Taylor noticed most research was done on men due to
hormonal variation in the menstrual cycle (Women in the luteal phase have a similar
cortisol response to men whereas women in the follicular phase or taking oral
contraceptives have significantly lower cortisol responses)
Women and Fight-or-Flight ✅•Theoretically untenable (due to risk and need to care for
offspring)
•Biologically questionable (androgens organize and activate much physical aggression)
•Empirically unproven (female attack and defense limited in scope)
Tend-and-Befriend vs. Fight-or-Flight ✅Oxytocin vs. testosterone
More common in women
Elicits positive supportive responses instead of angry inappropriate responses
Implications of Tend-and-Befriend ✅•Fight-or-flight more descriptive of men; tend and-
befriend more descriptive of women's stress responses.
•Testosterone is released during stress, associated with aggression and is higher in
men.
•Oxytocin is associated with reduced stress in female animals and enhanced maternal
behavior
•Estrogen has strong effects on oxytocin.
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