Antigen any substance that elicits an immune response (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc.)
Lymphocyte immune cells 3 types: t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, NK cells
T lymphocytes differentiate into: t helper cells and t cytotoxic cells; originate in thymus
Helper t cells "cheerleaders"; have no ability ...
BBH 432 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Antigen ✅any substance that elicits an immune response (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc.)
Lymphocyte ✅immune cells
3 types: t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, NK cells
T lymphocytes differentiate into: ✅t helper cells and t cytotoxic cells; originate in
thymus
Helper t cells ✅"cheerleaders"; have no ability to lyse cells or eat antigens; they
secrete cytokines that stimulate b cells to create antibodies; they also encourage the
growth of cytotoxic t cells, and stimulate macrophages to consume pathogens; they act
to direct or amplify immune response
Cytotoxic t cells ✅killer cells equipped to attack a specific antigen by injecting it with a
lethal toxin; contain CD8 receptor which locks onto targeted antigens and lyse them
Suppressor t cells ✅suppress the immune function to protect healthy cells from attack
B cells ✅made in bone marrow; lymphocytic cells of the adaptive immune system that
produce antibodies in response to foreign invaders; can become memory b cells as well
NK cells ✅lymphocytic cells programmed to recognize any "non-self" cells (virally
infected, tumor cell, etc.) And release cytotoxic chemicals to lyse them; part of innate
immunity
Antibody ✅"silver bullets" targeted to specific antigens; also known as immunoglobin
Macrophage ✅phagocytes (granular cells-contain digestive enzymes) of the innate
immune system that engulf invaders and present part of its coat (antigen) on their cell
membranes to trigger an immune response. They become enlarged upon leaving the
bloodstream and entering bodily tissues.
Innate immune system ✅cellular immunity
First line of defense; non-specific; quick and works within minutes; defends against any
antigen; inflammation is first response
Involves physical barriers, NK cells, macrophages, cytokines
Includes mucus, skin, saliva, sweat
, Adaptive immune system ✅humoral immunity
Specifically targets certain antigens when they have already been encountered before -
natural immunity (or a vaccination creates memory - acquired immunity); slower and
takes a few days to kick in fully
Involves t helper cells, b cells, and antibodies
Cytotoxic ✅cell-killing
Cytokines ✅the "hormones" of the immune system; chemical messenger molecules
that stimulate immune responses
Antibodies ✅soluble proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and bind to antigens to
neutralize them; ultimate in adaptive/specific immunity
How do innate and adaptive immune systems work in concert with one another?
✅since the adaptive immune system can take 4 to 5 days to be activated against a
novel invader, the innate immune system must defend us indiscriminately against
threatening agents in the mean time, as its reaction capabilities can respond within
minutes
Components of inflammation ✅swelling, pain, heat, and redness; mobilizes immune
cells to the site of inflammation
What class of chemicals are responsible for cold symptoms? ✅cytokines; they
stimulate immune cells into action, while also causing an increase in nasal fluids,
mucus, fatigue, achiness, loss of appetite, depression, mailaise, and even social
withdrawal
Include interleukin (can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory), tumor necrosis factor
Cellular mediated immunity ✅the "first punch"
Involves NK cells, granulocytes (neutrophils), macrophages, and t cells
Inflammation is first response; involves phagocytosis of damaged cells or releasing of
toxic substances
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