Why are models important in the study of disease? they influence treatments you select, partly determined by the tools you have available
Descartes: contributions to the biomedical model introduced mind-body dualism ("Cartesian dualism")
"Cartesian dualism" 1. Mind and body are separate 2. The mi...
BBH 432 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Why are models important in the study of disease? ✅they influence treatments you
select, partly determined by the tools you have available
Descartes: contributions to the biomedical model ✅introduced mind-body dualism
("Cartesian dualism")
"Cartesian dualism" ✅1. Mind and body are separate
2. The mind is not subject to physical constraints that confine our bodies; there is no
way for the mind to affect our bodies
3. To reduce disease you must focus on rational observations of
physics/chemistry/biology, etc.
4. Focus on measurable properties of the world
Virchow: contributions to the biomedical model ✅cellular theory, you can't have a
cellular theory of disease if you do not know that cells exist, the invention of the
microscope allowed the model to be invented
Cellular theory ✅disease is the result of abnormalities of body cells
Pasteur: contributions to the biomedical model ✅germ theory, "Pasteur-ization"
Germ theory ✅disease is caused by viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms that
cause cellular malfunction
Pasteurization ✅sterilization of milk prevents infection
Vitalism ✅a belief in an invisible life force, the life force is beyond the reach of
scientists and is therefore unknowable; human body can't be studied objectively
Claude Bernard's argument against vitalism ✅1. We have to use science to study
physical health; 2. Steam engine = able to move and has many complex parts, but has
no vital force and is acted upon only by the laws of physics and the material world as we
know it.
3. Humans are similar to a steam engine, though more complex
4. Humans must obey the laws of physics in order to exist, and therefore must be able
to be studied.
What was the importance of Bernard's work with single celled organisms in his
argument against vitalism? ✅1. Single-celled organisms are dependent on a
supportive environment; if moisture/ph/temperature changes, they can't survive
, 2. Measurable variables determine whether the "vital force" is present or not in these
cells
3. "life force" is a myth, human beings are the same as steam engines
Why is it important that Bernard called his book an introduction to the study of
EXPERIMENTAL medicine? ✅1. At the time, people handed down treatments in the
family
2. He advocated for people to do experiments and learn new treatments = look at how
outside factors influenced disease
The steps of the biomedical model ✅1. Specific germ or injury
2. Specific change in physiology
3. Specific disease or syndrome
Assumptions of the original model ✅1. One way causation
2. Disease is a physiological process and operates on that level only
3. Does not take into account resistance to disease or non-response to treatment
4. Model is dualistic ("ghost in the machine")
5. Can't account for placebo/non-placebo effects
One way causation ✅germ alters body, body doesn't alter the germ
How is the term "the ghost in the machine" relevant to the biomedical model? ✅does
not take into account the role of the mind on the body; another way to say dualism
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome ✅1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
GAS: Stage 1 (Alarm) ✅1. Organism becomes aware of stressor
2. Begins preparation of resistance, SNS activation, respiratory and cardiovascular
response
3. Release of glucocorticoids (ex: cortisol)
GAS: Stage 2 (Resistance) ✅organism attempts to cope with stressor, response to
other stimuli is reduced
GAS: Stage 3 (Exhaustion) ✅due to long-term or repeated demands by the stressor,
resistance collapses
How does the General Adaptation Syndrome fit into the biomedical model? ✅it focuses
primarily on the biological factors contributing to health
What is Selye's definition of stress? ✅the sum of all non-specific effects of factors
which can act upon the body
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