BSNC 1000 - GAS EXCHANGE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
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Module
BSNC 100
Institution
BSNC 100
Gas Exchange Process by which O2 is transported to cells and CO2 is transported from cells
Scope of Gas Exchange Optimal - Impaired - Cessation
Hypoxia Low O2 delivery to tissues
Hypoxemia Decreased O2 in blood
Anoxia Lack of O2
Vital Capacity volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum ...
BSNC 1000 - GAS EXCHANGE REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Gas Exchange ✅Process by which O2 is transported to cells and CO2 is transported
from cells
Scope of Gas Exchange ✅Optimal - Impaired - Cessation
Hypoxia ✅Low O2 delivery to tissues
Hypoxemia ✅Decreased O2 in blood
Anoxia ✅Lack of O2
Vital Capacity ✅volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
(Assesses strength of thoracic muscles and pulmonary function)
Vital Capacity Equation ✅TV + IRV + ERV
Cilia ✅Moves and sweeps away secretions or foreign bodies from the epithelial
surface
Chest Compliance ✅Ability of chest to expand
Ventilation ✅- CO2 levels rise
- Chemoreceptors transmit impulses to diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Diaphragm contracts
- Negative pressure pulls O2 in from atmosphere
- Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the volume of
lungs
- Decrease in pressure
- Pressure gradient makes air flow into lungs
Alveolar-Capillary Diffusion ✅- Nose warms and humidifies the air
- Air flows to alveoli through trachea and bronchi
- Alveolar walls lines with Type I alveolar cells which provide wall structure
- In between are Type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant
- O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries
- O2 dissolves into plasma and attaches to hemoglobin so that it can be transported to
cells
, Surfactant ✅- Lipoprotein that coats inner surface of alveoli to keep them open
- Reduces surface tension
PaO2 ✅- O2 dissolves in plasma
- Partial pressure of O2 in artery)
SaO2 ✅- O2 attached to hemoglobin
- Saturation of arterial hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Desaturation ✅- O2 released from hemoglobin at the cellular level
- High pressure of CO2 in cells causes it to diffuse into plasma (PaCO2)
- PaCO2 decreases
- Signals medulla to initiate inhalation until CO2 levels rise again to repeat process
PaCO2 ✅Partial pressure of CO2 in artery
Normal: 35-45 mmHg
Determinants of Impaired Gas Exchange ✅- Fatigue - decreased O2 demand
- Increased HR/RR because cells need more O2
- Decreased mitochondrial respiration/oxidation
- Respiratory acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Ischemia/Necrosis
Risk Factors for Impaired Gas Exchange in Older Adults ✅- Clients on bed rest
- Chronic diseases (COPD)
- Immunosuppression
- Family History
- Environmental Irritant
- Smoking
COPD ✅- Obstructive airway disease
- Inflammation and fibrosis of bronchial wall
- Hypertrophy of submucosal glands and hyper-secretion of mucus
- Loss of elastic lung fibres and alveolar tissue
COPD on Gas Exchange ✅- Wheezing
- Air isn't readily exhaled due to narrowing/obstruction of airway
Emphysema Complications ✅- Destruction of lung tissue
- Damage to alveolar walls
- Increased respiration to maintain O2 levels
- Barrel chest
- Inflammation of alveoli due to irritants
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