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  3. Aston University, Birmingham (Aston)
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  5. Clinical and food microbiology (BM6CFM)

Lecture notes

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION
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LECTURE OVERVIEW. • STI background; current figures • Aetiological agents of STI • Overview of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts • Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of gonorrhoea • Treatment / prevention of STI

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  • August 27, 2024
  • 12
  • 2023/2024
  • Lecture notes
  • Jonathan cox
  • All classes

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION.

LECTURE OVERVIEW.
• STI background; current figures
• Aetiological agents of STI
• Overview of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts
• Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, pathogenesis and
treatment of gonorrhoea
• Treatment / prevention of STI

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION: THE SILENT EPIDEMIC.
• Sexually transmitted Infection (STI) ‘an illness caused by an infectious microorganism
with a propensity for transfer between humans through sexual contact (vaginal, oral,
anal, sex toys)
• Major problem worldwide
– More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired
every day worldwide, the majority of which are asymptomatic
– Each year there are an estimated 374 million new infections
• In the UK, STIs, are the greatest communicable disease problem: >1.5 million
attendances at Genito-urinary medicine(GUM) clinics
• Cost burden to the NHS: £750 million / annum
(a) HIV: £580 million
(b) Others: £65 million
• High morbidity and mortality (HIV); disproportionately affects:
(a) Young people with high risk sexual lifestyles
(b) Men who have sex with men (MSM)
(c) Disadvantaged socio-economic communities

Definition of STI- any sexual practice that can result in infection relates to STI.
Majority of STIs are asymptomatic.
The problem with asymptomatic infections is that they continue with no knowledge of any
change in their own physical condition.
As a consequence, people with STI can be transmitting that disease onwards.

MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON STI.




Infectious agent Organism Disease No. of new
category cases UK
(2022)




Bacteria • Chlamydia trachomatis Non-specific 1,006,625 **

, urethritis
• Neisseria gonorrhoae Gonorrhoea 82,592**
• Treponema pallidum* Syphilis 8,692*




Viruses • Papillomavirus (HPV) Genital warts 50,691 (2019)
• Herpes simplex (HSV) Genital herpes 20,530 (2020)
• Hepatitis B/C* Hepatitis (5 million in
• HIV* AIDS UK)
• Monkeypox** Rash and blisters 4,484 (43%
MSM)
3,195




Fungi Candida albicans Thrush 80,000




Parasites Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis 8,000




Arthropods • Sarcoptes scabei Genital scabies -
• Phthirus pubis (crab Pediculosis pubis -
louse)




Chlamydia- Is caused by chlamydia trachomatis- causes a non-specific urethritis- most
common STI- seen in over a million cases per year.
Treponema pallidum- causes a sexually transmitted infection called syphilis.
Chlamydia and gonorrhea are predominately observed in men who have sex with men, and
trans people who have sex with men.
In the table this is indicated with a **.
Syphilis can be transmitted through blood or blood products.
People who share needles are at risk of contracting syphilis.
Not just through sex but through other means of transmission.
There are also viruses that are transmitted.
HPV-human papilloma virus- causes genital warts.
HSV- herpes simplex virus and this causes genital herpes.

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