100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE £6.46
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Aston University, Birmingham (Aston)
  4.  
  5. Clinical and food microbiology BM6CFM (BM6CFM)

Lecture notes

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 0 purchase

From this lecture you should understand What is antibiotic resistance How antibiotic resistance emerges Main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and suitable examples of each Difference between adaptive and mutational resistance What is antibiotic resistance. • The ability of bacteria t...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 11  pages

Document information

  • August 27, 2024
  • 11
  • 2023/2024
  • Lecture notes
  • Jonathan cox
  • All classes

Subjects

Written for

All documents for this subject (6)

Seller

avatar-seller
sarah21jan

Content preview

Antibiotic resistance.

Lecture overview.
From this lecture you should understand
What is antibiotic resistance
How antibiotic resistance emerges
Main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and suitable examples of each
Difference between adaptive and mutational resistance

What is antibiotic resistance.
 The ability of bacteria to survive treatment by certain antibiotics.
 Bacteria which are resistant to multiple antibiotics are called multi-drug resistant
bacteria
 MSRA- well known superbug.
 MSRA- methycline resistant staphylococcus aureus.
 The bcateria, that are causing our infections, become resistant to antibiotics

Why is the problem of AMR so bad?
Antibiotic use in humans
• People not taking complete courses of antibiotics
• Inappropriate prescriptions or over-prescription of antibiotics
• Over-prescription of antibiotics.
• Delayed prescription is a solution to this

Non-therapeutic uses of antibiotics
• To treat sick animals in vet medicine
• As growth promoters in
agriculture (Not in the EU!). Pump chicken with antibiotics and it grows. When we eat the
chicken we will also be eating residual antibiotics within the chicken.
• Biocide use- present in toothpaste. Triclasan has been shown to perpetuate
antibiotic resistance. Banned in the EU.
• Brewing- we use antibiotics in this because bacteria spoils beers.
• Aquaculture- fish farming
• Anti-fouling (industrial, ships)- stop photosynthetic algae growing and building up.
Stop clogging up boat engines. This goes out into the sea’s, this is where the fish are.
We then catch the fish and ingest them and the antibiotics.
• Antibiotics in the sea, fish eat antibiotics and we eat the fish.

There are no new antibiotics.
The golden age was up to the 70s.
Only 2 new antibiotics discovered and approved for use for humans since the 2000s.
We have no more.
We found the easy antibiotics, all the saphrophytic microorganisms that live in the soil, that
are secreting antibiotics, we found them and we identified those antibiotics and we cultured

, them on scale and we ate them like sweets and as a consequence we have resistance to
every class of antibiotics on that screen.
Novel therapeutics are desperately needed to combat antibiotic resistant infections, there
are patients dying every year because of antibiotic resistant infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity reports mainly show resistance for patients.

Why do antibiotics stop working.
Analogy:
You have a bacterial tonsilitis, you have the bacteria at the sight of infection in you’re
tonsils.
This causes inflammation.
The inflammation is causing pain. Therefore, you have very painful swollen tonsils.
The GP, says you may have bacterial tonsilitis, they may tell you it may be a viral infection
and they will give you a prescription.
You take the prescription antibiotics, the antibiotics kill 90% of bacteria at the site of
infection in the first 24 hours.
After 24/48 hours you start to feel a little bit better, after 72 hours, you’re inflammation has
reduced massively, so you no longer have the pain and the symptoms of infection, but you
still have 10% of bacteria remaining at the site of infection.
These are called persister populations.
If you stop taking the antibiotics when you feel better, these persister populations can
recolonize.
The persister populations are potentially different to the population that was causing your
infection in the first place.
They have something different about them: this could be genetic, metabolically or some sort
of evolutionary change.
This means that they have been able to survive that sub-inhibitory concentration of
antibiotic. So, they grow back.
But you go back to the doctor because you still have a sore throat and the doctor will now
give you different antibiotics because those ones did not work on you and you have become
resistant to them.
Then they do the same thing and this is how antibiotic resistance develops.

Antibiotics.
Persister populations- may lyse eventually but are not lysing right now.
If you remove the antibiotics at this stage, you have killed the bacteria, but the persister
population bacteria are still there and surviving.
So you have selected for a trait in terms of evolutionary selection. These could be resistant
bacteria that are persistent

The evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Demonstrates how quickly and efiiciently bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
1. Make enzymes which alter or destroy the antibiotic. These enzymes are like
molecular cookie monsters, they get through the antibiotic as fast and efficiently as
the cookie monster gets through cookies.

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller sarah21jan. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £6.46. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

65040 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

mdc4-exam-2-questions

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

CNA Written Test 2022

Summary ·

(0)

samenvatting OMT 1 '24

Summary ·

(2)

Samenvatting Europees Recht

Summary ·

(0)

Samenvatting Fysica 2

Package deal ·

(0)

Psychiatric Nursing

Summary ·

(0)

Samenvatting - e skills

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

NSG 3100 (FUNDS) Exam 3

Essay ·

(13)

public service unit 3 - task 4
£6.46
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added