Lecture notes
Biol 141 Nucleic Acids and Central Dogma Notes
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Comprehensive and detailed notes on Nucleic acids and central dogma for Biol 141. * Essential!!
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Nucleic acids and Central Dogma Frederick Griffith
o EXPERIEMNT
Take living virulent bacterial and inject into mouse
Mouse dies
Takes living non-virulent bacteria and inject into mouse
Mouse is alive
Boils living virulent bacteria, dies
Injects that bacteria into the mouse
o Mouse alive
Mixing dead virulent and living non-virulent and mixes them
Mouse dies
CONCLUSION
Something from the dead virulent changes the living non-virulent and
telling it to become virulent (deadly)
50% dry mass of cells is PROTEINS
Most people at the time thought proteins was the genetic info causing
this change
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
o EXPERIMENT
Trying to figure out what molecule is transforming
Do the same 4 groups as Griffith
2 more groups
Adding enzyme that destroys DNA
o DNase e(-ase means enzyme)
o RESULT: alive mouse
Adding enzyme that destroys protein
o Protease
o RESULT: dead mouse
CONCLUSION: not blocked when proteins destroyed, but could not become
virulent if DNA was destroyed
DNA providing genetic information
Chase-Hershey
o EXPERIMENT
Showed DNA as genetic material
Used viruses called bacteriophages
Infect bacteria
inject some material being injected that carries information needed for
bacteria to produce new bacteriophage
what material injected? Protein or DNA
radioactively labeled DNA or PROTEIN
DNA
o Radioactivity is now in bacteria
, PROTEIN
o Radioactivity left with the phage
CONCLUSION: DNA was the genetic information
Components of nucleotide monomers
o BOTH DNA and RNA
3 parts
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous base
o Sugar
1:2:1 ration of C, H, O
CH2O
Most names end in -ose
5C sugars in nucleotide (pentose)
In RNA
o Ribose
Has OH group on the 2 C (counting clockwise in ring)
In DNA
o Deoxyribose
Has H group on 2 C (counting clockwise in ring)
MISSING O on 2 C
o Phosphate group
Always attached to C5 of pentose sugar
Counting clockwise in ring
Similar between RNA and DNA
Monomers
Can have 1-3 phosphates on the 5’ C
o Nitrogenous base
Connected to 1’ C of sugar
2 types
Pyrimidines
o C, U, and T
o One ring
Purines
o A and G
o 2 rings
Determines the identity of the nucleotide!!!!
Uracil in place of thymine in RNA ONLY
Polynucleotides
o Dehydration reaction
o Nucleotide monomers connected by phosphodiester bonds
o Form bond with 3’ C
o ALWAYS connect incoming nucleotide to the 3’C
o OH and H leftover give us water!!
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