MICR 2123 Final Exam Questions with Answers All Updated
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Module
MICR 2123
Institution
MICR 2123
MICR 2123 Final Exam Questions with Answers All Updated
Nonsense Mutation - Answer-The changed codon now calls for a stop codon, ending the genetic code early.
Framshift Mutation - Answer-Most extreme type of mutation. A single base is added or deleted, changing the entire frame after the mi...
MICR 2123 Final Exam Questions
with Answers All Updated
Nonsense Mutation - Answer-The changed codon now calls for a stop codon, ending
the genetic code early.
Framshift Mutation - Answer-Most extreme type of mutation. A single base is added or
deleted, changing the entire frame after the mistake.
Control of Gene Expression: DNA Level - Answer-Most drastic and least reversible.
Mutate the gene.
Control of Gene Expression: Transcription Level - Answer-Activators and repressors, as
well as modify the activity and concentration of sigma factor.
Control of Gene Expression: Post-Transcription Level - Answer-Modify mRNA stability
using Rnases.
Control of Gene Expression: Translation Level - Answer-Translation repressor proteins
Control of Gene Expression: Post-Translation Level - Answer-Modify the protein made
by chemical modification or just cleave the protein out.
Catabolism - Answer-Breakdown of complex food molecules to smaller ones to make
ATP, which will be used for building.
ATP - Answer-Energy storage molecule in the cell.
Electron Carrier - Answer-Such as NADH; all have 2 forms in the cell, an oxidized form
(e- acceptor) and a reduced form (e- donor).
Glucose Breakdown - Answer-Into pyruvate is done in EMP (glycolysis), ED, and PPP.
NADH Recycling - Answer-Done through respiration or fermentation. Main goal of these
two is to recycle NADH back into NAD.
Chemotroph - Answer-Energy sources is chemical
Phototroph - Answer-Energy source is light
Organotroph - Answer-Electron source is organic (NADH)
, Lithotroph - Answer-Electron source is inorganic (H2, H2S, NH3)
Heterotroph - Answer-Carbon source is organic (glucose)
Autotroph - Answer-Carbon source is inorganic (CO2)
Functional Components of an ETS - Answer-Initial substrate oxidoreductase
Mobile electron carrier
Terminal oxidase
All embedded in a membrane in order to cause a charge separation and generate a
PMF.
ETS Start - Answer-Kick started when the electron donor donates electrons. If donor is
organic (NADH) the process is respiration. If the donor is inorganic (H2, H2S, NH3) the
process is lithotrophy.
ETS End - Answer-Ends by movement of electrons from the last component to the
terminal acceptor. If the acceptor is O2, the process in aerobic. If the acceptor is not O2
(sulfate, nitrate) the process is anaerobic.
Proton Motive Force (PMF) - Answer-Used to import nutrients, export toxins, rotate
flagella, and make ATP via ATP synthase.
Substrate Level Phosphorylation - Answer-ATP produced before the ETS; made during
the EMP, ED, or TCA cycle.
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer-ATP made after the ETS and needs a functional
ETS; ATP synthesis by ATP synthase uses the PMF.
Photosynthesis - Answer-Uses an ETS. Oxygenic photosynthesis uses H2O as the e-
donor and O2 as the e-acceptor. Carried out by green plants and cyanobacteria.
Requirements for Biosynthesis - Answer-Essential Elements (C, N, O, S, P)
NADPH
ATP
CO2 Fixation - Answer-A biosynthetic process that converts inorganic CO2 into an
organic C form. Done in the Calvin Cycle using rubisco. Carried out by green plants and
cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria uses carboxysome structures.
Microscopes - Answer-Increase resolution by increasing magnification.
Resolution - Answer-The smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and
still be distinguished.
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