Summary sheets that I made preparing for my history a-level British Empire exam. I received an A at History Alevel and these notes provide you with the facts and essay points that easily award you marks in an exam.
They include timelines and essay plans from across the breadth study specification.
Burma 1948 1947-1967 British Decolonisation in South -
Independence granted due to violent activities of nationalists South - East Asia East Asia was successful?
AFPFL – Anti Facist People’s Freedom League – Led by Aung Sang YES NO
-Clement Atlee – planned programme of gradual steps independence
Jan 1947 – Aung Sang and Atlee agreed on elections for constituent assembly
-Britain retained influence in -They were forced to act due
- Huge AFPFL majority Malayan nationalist Malaya and were still able to to mass civil disobedience –
July 1947 – Aung Sang + 6 cabinet ministers assassinated by rival faction individuals economically benefit from showing they were losing
1948 independence Onn Binn Ja’afar the rubber production – control of the situation –
Was not the measured withdrawal that Atlee had planned and resulted in civil Founder of UMNO economic and strategic Malayan emergency –
war and the Burmese rejecting to join the commonwealth – set president for Campaigned against malay union 1946 benefits promoting MCA
independence. Organised rallies and amassed sufficient
Showed other colonies that by working with the British and proving internal public support to force a british climb
support for nationalist leaders – Britain would have no choice but to grant -gradual constitutional -unable to have controlled
down – federation of Malaya 1948 reforms enabled some withdrawal – unorganised
independence. Supporters= Tunku control and there was a breakdown
Opposition = Chin Peng (MCP) + Tan in order – Burma and
Cheng Lock (MCA) Malaya
Tan – fiercely against communism and
favoured by the British and wanted
-civil war broke out in
inter-ethnic coop
Burma and they declined to
After Malayan Emergency – Tan allied joined commonwealth
with UMNO and both Onn and Tan
Singapore – 1965 participated in successful negotiations
-plans failed – federation of
for independence from the British
Predominately Chinese population Malaya – Singapore part of
1947- given own government with an executive and legislative council
6/25 seats on the council were elected and 10% of the population had the Malaya – 1957
vote Malaya – major producer of rubber – militarily and strategically important
Singapore struggled to contain the communist insurgy 62-14= 48
Ethnic tensions between Chinese and Indians and Malay people FOM- exec council
1953 – legislative council was enlarged Malay people - UMNO – created March 1946 fight for rights = 7 unofficial + 7
First elected council was dominated by the SPP Chinese – MCA / MCP official = 14
Ethnic tensions v high FOM legislative
1955 new left-wing parties emerged – the labour front, PAP, UMNO, MCA council= 62
- Left wing parties – negotiated with the British to establish 1946 – Malayan union proposed to unite British possessions – rejected due to ethnic tensions
self-rule 1948 – British produced new scheme offered definition of Malay citizenship – discriminatory against
Lim Yew Hock – impressed the British and took strong action against the Chinese
communists and persuaded Britain to grant full internal self gov 1957 Federation of Malaya:
state of Singapore act 1958 - Federation of Malaya Executive council – 7 official + 7 unofficial members headed by
British high commissioner
1959 – Lee Kuan Yew – PAP – came to power - Federation of Malaya Legislative council – 62 members representing different states –
became elected body 1955
1963 – Britain decided that the future of Singapore would be best as part of Federation faced opposition – mainly Chinese
the federation of Malaya Britain so frightened of potentially damaging the rubber plantations – declared state of emergency
Scheme unsuccessful – Singapore expelled. 1948-60
1965 – became fully independent in its own right Used military force to arrest suspects and impose order
Troubles increased – led to the assassination of british high commissioner – Sir Henry Guerney in
1951
To increase support – Britain promised malay independence and promoted MCA in attempt to win over
SPP – Singapore progressive party
Chinese population
Favoured businessmen labour front
1955 – Malays and Chinese united against british rule and won 80% votes at federal election
PAP- People’s association party
Reid Comission 1955
Drew up a new democratic constitution and independent Malaya was created 1957
UMNO/MCA – United Malays national organisation / Malay Chinese
association
Malaya continued to collaborate economically with Britain, remaining in the sterling area – Britain had
exchanged colonial rule for informal rule – still with economic ties
MCP- Malayan communist party
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