Biology II Biobeyond Unit 6 Pt. 2 Study Guide| Questions Solved with Verified Answers
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Module
BioBeyond
Institution
BioBeyond
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does that fact
support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways? - If
glycolysis evolved relatively late, it likely would not be as universal in organisms as it is. It prob...
Biology II Biobeyond Unit 6 Pt. 2
Study Guide| Questions Solved with
Verified Answers
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does that fact
support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways? - ✔✔If
glycolysis evolved relatively late, it likely would not be as universal in organisms as it is. It probably
evolved in very primitive organisms and persisted, with the addition of other pathways of carbohydrate
metabolism that evolved later.
What do the electrons added to NAD+ do? - ✔✔They go to another pathway for ATP production.
Chemiosmosis involves - ✔✔the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
We inhale oxygen when we breathe and exhale carbon dioxide. What is the oxygen used for and where
does the carbon dioxide come from? - ✔✔The oxygen we inhale is the final electron acceptor in the
electron transport chain and allows aerobic respiration to proceed, which is the most efficient pathway
for harvesting energy in the form of ATP from food molecules. The carbon dioxide we breathe out is
formed during the citric acid cycle when the bonds in carbon compounds are broken.
acetyl CoA - ✔✔the combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A
which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)
ATP synthase - ✔✔a membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP
with energy from protons diffusing through it
chemiosmosis - ✔✔the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across
a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP
citric acid cycle - ✔✔a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all
living cells that harvests the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP; the
citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen in later reactions to
proceed
, electron transport chain - ✔✔a series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the
inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests energy
from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane
oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the
electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate
groups to ADP molecules
anaerobic cellular respiration - ✔✔the use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to
complete metabolism using electron-transport based of chemiosmosis
fermentation - ✔✔the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to
regenerate NAD+ , occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses am organic compound as the final
electron acceptor
Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?
a. lactic acid fermentation
b. alcohol fermentation
c. mixed acid fermentation
d. propionic fermentation - ✔✔A
When muscle cells run out of oxygen, what happens to the potential for energy extraction from sugars
and what pathways do the cell use? - ✔✔Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation and the citric
acid cycle stop, so ATP is no longer generated through this mechanism, which extracts the greatest
amount of energy from a sugar molecule. In addition, NADH accumulates, preventing glycolysis from
going forward because of an absence of NAD+. Lactic acid fermentation uses the electrons in NADH to
generate lactic acid from pyruvate, which allows glycolysis to continue and thus a smaller amount of
ATP can be generated by the cell.
The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolytic pathway as a starting point?
a. glucose
b. acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate
d. carbon dioxide - ✔✔B
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