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CHAPTER-09 BIOMOLECULES
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CHAPTER-09 BIOMOLECULES
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CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology)CHAPTER-09 BIOMOLECULES
Chemicals or molecules present in the living organism are known as biomolecules.
Biomolecules are divided into two types- inorganic and organic.
Inorganic biomolecules includes minerals, gases and water and organic biomolecules
includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins etc.
Different biomolecules can be classified as aldehyde, ketones and aromatic compounds as
chemical form and amino acids, nucleotides and fatty acids as biochemical forms.
Biomolecules
Micromolecules Macromolecules
(water, gases, sugars, amino acids, (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
sugars, nucleotides etc.) and nucleic acids)
Except lipids, macromolecules are formed by polymerization of sub-units called
monomers.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids are linked by peptide bond formed by
dehydration between COOH group of one amino acids and NH3 group of next with the
removal of H2O.
In nucleic acids, the phosphate molecules links 3’ C of sugar of one nucleoside to the 5’ C
of sugar of next nucleosides releasing two water molecules to form 3’-5’ phosphodiester
bond.
In polysaccharides, the mono-saccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds formed by
dehydration between two carbon atoms of two adjacent monosaccharaides.
Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
• Polysaccharides are long chain of sugar containing different monosaccharaides as a
building block.
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, Carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
Homopolysaccharides Homopolysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose etc. chitin, sucrose, lactose etc.
• Starch is present in plants as store house of energy in plants. It forms helical secondary
structure to hold the I2 molecules.
• Cellulose molecules contain glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 β linkage. It is the
most abundant organic molecules on earth.
• Glycogen is called animal starch as it is the reserve food materials for animals, bacteria
and fungi. Glucose molecules are arranged in highly branched bush like chain having two
types of linkage 1-4 α in straight chain and 1-6 linkage in branching.
Proteins are polypeptide chains made up of amino acids. There are 20 types of amino acids
joined together by peptide bond between amino and carboxylic group. There are two
kinds of amino acids-
a. Essential amino acids are obtained by living organism along with food.
b. Non-essential amino acids can be prepared by our body from raw materials.
The main functions of protein in living cell are
a. Transport of nutrient across the membrane.
b. Fight infectious organisms.
c. Produce enzyme and proteins.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal world.
Protien
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quartenary
sturcture structure structure structure
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