Exam (elaborations)
Chapter 16 Schools, Achievement, and Work
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Chapter 16 Schools, Achievement, and Work
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16Student:
1. Which of the following is a teacher-centered approach to learning?
A. direct instruction
B. behaviorism
C. constructivism
D. social constructivism
2. Which of the following emphasizes the child's active role in building knowledge and understanding
through exploration and discovery?
A. direct instruction
B. behaviorism
C. constructivism
D. social constructivism
3. Which of the following emphasizes the importance of collaboration with others to produce knowledge
and understanding?
A. direct instruction
B. behaviorism
C. social constructivism
D. constructivism
4. Every morning, Mr. Lawson's students learn one new word. First, students make a guess at the meaning.
Next, they explore their anthology book for the word in context. Finally, they look up the word in a
dictionary. Which teaching method does this best illustrate?
A. direct instruction
B. constructivist
C. social constructivist
D. whole learning
5. Which of the following would a constructivist-based classroom LEAST likely incorporate?
A. rote memorization
B. child's interests, needs, and learning styles
C. experimentation and exploration
D. structured and unstructured play
6. Every morning, Ms. Santos dictates a vocabulary word, including its spelling, meaning, and an example
of it used in a sentence. Which teaching method does this best illustrate?
A. direct instruction
B. cognitive constructivist
C. social constructivist
D. whole learning
7. The director says, "We believe that direct instruction and drill and practice will help our kindergarten
students master the skills needed for future school success. We don't waste time on silly games and fluff."
This kindergarten is
A. child-centered.
B. teacher-centered.
C. developmentally appropriate.
D. academically comprehensive.
,8. Which approach to student learning is criticized for turning children into passive learners who do not
learn to think critically or creatively?
A. direct instruction
B. cognitive constructivist
C. social constructivist
D. whole learning
9. Ms. Espinoza uses a direct instruction approach when teaching reading and often assigns hands-on,
constructivist projects for reinforcing new skills. What would educational psychology experts say about
this teacher's instructional approach?
A. Experts agree that effective teachers use a direct instruction approach exclusively.
B. Experts agree that effective teachers use a constructivist approach exclusively.
C. Experts say that many effective teachers use both a constructivist and a direct instruction approach.
D. Experts agree that effective teachers focus on testing skills.
10. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act is aimed at improving student performance through:
A. parent involvement.
B. school accountability.
C. teacher training.
D. student motivation.
11. Which of the following is a criticism of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act?
A. Too much emphasis is placed on social skills and creativity.
B. Parent accountability is overlooked.
C. Student achievement is too narrowly assessed.
D. Teacher accountability ratings are too subjective.
12. Which of the following is not a positive effect of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act?
A. assesses a wide range of student skills
B. improved student performance
C. more time teaching subjects that are tested
D. high expectations for all students
13. Which of the following would be emphasized in a child-centered kindergarten?
A. the phonetic alphabet
B. colors and shapes
C. gross and fine motor skill development
D. experimentation, exploration, and discovery
14. Amir attends a preschool in which he independently selects activities and spends a varied amount of time
on each, as he desires. His teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Amir most likely attends a
A. school for the gifted.
B. Project Head Start school.
C. Montessori preschool.
D. school that emphasizes paper-and-pencil activities.
15. In addition to cognitive development, what do most experts agree should be addressed in early childhood
educational programs?
A. behavior management
B. socioemotional development
C. physical skills
D. fine motor refinement
16. Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be
A. child-centered.
B. success-engendering.
C. teacher-centered.
D. achievement-based.
,17. According to research, children who attend a developmentally inappropriate kindergarten are MORE
likely than those who did not to
A. lack self-confidence.
B. show slower growth in some academic subjects.
C. be highly responsive to adults.
D. show discomfort in social settings.
18. Developmentally appropriate education is an evolving concept and varies by program. Recent changes
have given more attention to
A. those with learning disabilities.
B. IDEA policies.
C. ethnic minorities.
D. how strongly academic skills should be emphasized and taught.
19. Janene and Michael head a low-income family. They are concerned that their young children are not
acquiring the necessary skills and experiences necessary for academic success in school due to their low-
income situations. What program is designed to address their needs?
A. Head Start
B. IHAD
C. IEP
D. DAP
20. Project Head Start was designed to provide children from low-income families with
A. early opportunities to develop skills important for later success in school.
B. training in job-related skills to reduce reliance on public assistance programs.
C. low-cost meal programs so they would be physically ready to learn more effectively.
D. alternative academic programs rather than having to attend poor-quality neighborhood schools.
21. A study of 40-year-old adults who attended Perry Preschool, a high-quality preschool program, found that
most
A. were unable to hold a steady job.
B. owned their own homes.
C. had high credit debt.
D. had not graduated from high school.
22. One criticism of the contemporary approach to early education is that it
A. disallows direct instruction.
B. focuses too little on academic subject areas.
C. teaches to the lowest-achieving students.
D. places too much pressure to achieve on children.
23. What happens to children's self-esteem as they proceed through early school years?
A. remains stable
B. increases
C. decreases
D. becomes more difficult to assess
24. Entrance into formal schooling is considered important because it marks
A. the beginning of new roles and obligations for the child.
B. a narrowing of opportunities to interact with peers.
C. a shift to self-regulation of behavior and learning.
D. the first formal opportunity for social and intellectual comparison.
25. Which of the following is NOT a positive aspect to the transition to middle or junior high?
A. more challenging work
B. experiencing the top-dog phenomenon
C. more subjects from which to select
D. more time with peers and friends
, 26. Which of the following is NOT a stressor associated with the transition to middle or junior high?
A. concerns about body image
B. entry into a larger, more impersonal school structure
C. increased responsibility
D. increased independence from direct parental monitoring
27. The Carnegie Foundation's negative evaluation of U.S. middle schools included all but which of the
following?
A. high crime rates
B. irrelevant curricula
C. lack of trust for adults
D. lack of access to counseling
28. Kevin feels insignificant in his new junior high school. "Kids used to look up to me, but here I'm just one
of the ‘little people.’" Kevin is experiencing
A. high self-efficacy.
B. clinical adolescent depression.
C. the bottom-of-the-barrel phenomenon.
D. the top-dog phenomenon.
29. The "top-dog phenomenon" occurs when students move from the
A. freshman level to the senior level in high school.
B. top grade in elementary school to the bottom grade in middle school.
C. next-to-top grade in middle school to the top grade in middle school.
D. next-to-top grade in elementary school to the top grade in elementary school.
30. The Carnegie Corporation issued a report in which they recommended that middle schools
A. become smaller, more personal, and involve parents more.
B. improve student use of technology and computers to develop relevant skills needed in the future job
market.
C. encompass a wider age range in order to spotlight differences in adolescent development.
D. be integrated with high schools so that older adolescents can serve as role models for younger adults.
31. Which ethnic group has the highest school dropout rate?
A. Latino
B. Asian American
C. African American
D. non-Latino White American
32. What is the MOST likely reason for a student to drop out of school?
A. personal reasons
B. school-related problems
C. economic problems
D. early college entrance
33. The transition from high school to college is much like the transition from elementary to middle or junior
high school in that
A. the bottom-of-the-barrel phenomenon is replayed.
B. the top-dog phenomenon is replayed.
C. separation anxiety from parents increases dramatically.
D. students will develop a close bond to instructors to compensate for less parental contact.
34. In a study of what makes college students happy, the "very happy" college students overall were
A. more social.
B. more financially secure.
C. more intelligent.
D. closer to home.
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