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Summary Research Methods / Methodology 1 - Year 1, Period 1 - English

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This pdf is a visual and concise summary of the Research Methods/Methodology 1 course at the VU University of Amsterdam (VU) for the English psychology track (But may also be helpful for Dutch students). Includes information from the book and the lectures (note: not of the extra online syllabus). ...

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  • November 11, 2019
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HCl : Philosophy of science

Division of Sciences -
arts ( literature ,
law
,
communication )

science
-


: natural
,
social & formal ( formal does not depend on empirical observations )


The scientific method uses both



empirical =
collection of data (facts ) using ,
evidence from the senses as a basis for conclusions


formal =
correct reasoning (conclusions) based on data




Commonalities between the consumer & the producer of science

→ when planning research you study works of those before
,
you
both




%Fedobseeua.c
→ Roles require curiosity
Athens : primarily theoretical


foofcajmombu.sn?Yaeaition7s
share commitment



amteoxdaan.de?e:na?7fgroiI?.es!obgse7e!
→ a to practice empiricism .
.




History of science →
theory predicts data
,
data supports

theory s through testing


① Plato -0
Strong Rationalism ,
no empiricism ③ Aristotle →
strong rationalism
,
some empiricism but not
systematic

theory of ideas To •
knowledge comes from ideas but also observations


Observations must be mistrusted • deduction = deduce new knowledge from certain truths


new knowledge by Reasoning from ideas induction generalize from observations
• • ⇐




f.
④ Alexandria (Egypt)
-
-
o
strong empiricism ,
no rationalism ③ Alexander
-
the great =
Conquerer of mainly asia &
egypt
new centre of science AT Hellenism of Greek 9
spreading culture
• •
-
o



careful observations ,
no focus on explanations

to
⑤ ⇐
Usptolemy ( almagest book)
⑧ htohammed ( islamic civilization)

• Said the sun & planets orbit earth in perfect circles •
Adopted ideas
by greeks t Hellenist s
-138
observations in consisted explained with elipses

were -0 •
Transplanting t
enriching Athenian t Alexandrian knowledge
( earth middle)
geocentric solar system as Made contributions to
(nr )

positional numeral

new
system .
O




&
⑧ Scientific
-
revolution G Goos ) ⑦ European
-
medieval period



Strong Re -
evaluation of natural
philosophy Athenian,

early =
knowledge based on the bible


Importance of observation from Alexandria ) BEG • late =
Rediscovery of aristotle when Arabic culture spread


mathematical ion of Reality (algebra from Islam ) •
Thomas Aquinas - b Reconciliation between aristotle t bible

• tech development ( telescope + microscope ) t book
printing



④ Copernicus
of ④ EQUI

Saw Copernicus was right
-




• introduced heliocentric solar system -
Bp o
experimentation (systemic manipulation)
but careful about spreading it

accurate observations t mathematicalion


.
l
④ Newton ( princip
-
a book
'

-
④ Johannes
-
Kepler
*
-



based on accurate astronomical observations •
discovered the orbit around the sun was elliptical

described a formal theory that fitted all Recent observations
→ silenced all critics scientific revolution complete
,

,Practices of empiricists -

o the theory - data
cycle ( predict ,
collect ,
test
,
update)


theory = a set of statements describing general principles about how variables Relate .






hypothesis = a prediction of the specific expected outcome if the theory is correct (situational )
data set of observations that support challenge the hypothesis 1 theory

= or




theory a Good




÷:aese
theories are
ok -




f Rec supported data (preferably
by large quantity evidence


& of
a
variety
.




§

Research questions •
falsifiable = a
theory must lead to an
hypothesis that could fail to support
* I




÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷
+nannies.
. .




a



§ hypothesis e
-
O scientists evaluate theories based on the
weight of the evidence
"
t
support
data non




The method be used for both applied & basic Research :
empirical can



Basic
-
research Translational Research Applied Research
& T
e
T
g



goal is to enhance uses lessons from basic •
practical problems
apt
Research to develop &
general knowledge . conducted in Real
test the applications world contexts
may be applied

IRL


Later on




-
#


- .




Scientific sources
Publication process ( peer-Reviewed journals)
-




÷÷÷÷::÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷:
① Researcher submits a manuscript to suitable journal




÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷::
Conditional on minor revision ,
immediate acceptance

→ find original sources t be skeptical ④ author revises a Resubmits

-



-




Don 't base belief upon experience •
no control group

too many confounds o Confederate = actor for the experiment

but behavioral research is probabilistic = findings don't explain cases all the time




5examplesofbiasedthink.in#



/: thinning
① accepting a conclusion bc it makes sense / feels natural (believing a
good story)


:c. :a:::÷ :c:: . en
:: ::÷÷ :::: ::÷::÷:::::÷i ::c:
④ Bias blind spot = the belief we're
unlikely to fall to
prey
of
being biased ourselves
-









/
Pseudoscience -




B dare ma cation criteria of science




/
( order Scheider de )

PI!!: Jase: OY !! is!a%
"

:
observation y systematic empiricism ( unbiased observation

Resistance against scientific research 2) testable theories & hypotheses (falsifiable t data >
theory )


ignore I deny counter evidence 3) publicly ( peer
-
accessible Reviewed journal )

,: ÷:÷:÷÷:÷÷÷÷:÷÷::÷ ÷÷÷i÷ ÷:÷
:::÷::::::i..n↳..
Components of an em Peri cat journal article Fundamental assumptions of science


the existence ol a true (material) Reality

① abstract
:::::::m÷:÷÷::::::÷: : :::
.
. ' "



② Introduction -0 1St
paragraph : explains topic of the study

the discovered order is never final

2nd :
lays out the background for the research

3Rd : States specific Research
questions goals ,
t
hypotheses Reality & Construct in science

③ Method -0 explains in detail how the study was conducted
Reality = observable -
P data d Results




÷ : i:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷:÷÷:÷ ÷ ÷i÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
2 discusses the study 's importance
.



Induction : from the observable data we induce
3. MAY discuss alternative explanations for the data
a non -
observable construct


⑥ References = full bibliographic list of all the sources


Hypothesis = a testable explanation ol a

-




T
I




phenomenon not
directly observable
I
↳ to test ,




weh-aueaniaaowha.my
-




a
hypothesis a prediction must
y
be derived from tailored to
explain the data leading to -


I
it a




#
,


"


f. £,
specific situation




"" "


!
II: : :::::: : : :*:
' '




prediction supports
.. . .. . . 1 Theory =
System of logically coherent constructs
/
I statements about a certain of
the
hypothesis l
area
Reality
l supported by data no contradictions
-




,




, qq.n.mg?gg;..ea,.,pa...,,y,.*
g÷g;÷,qy÷;÷,← wy.a.au.a.m.a.aa.apa.gg
.



for I falsifiable
the
hypothesis for a concrete situation

#
bold predictions ( good Theories ) -


l -




Verification vs falsification
data inconsistent with the prediction = falsification →
hypothesis is not true


BUT if the data is with the prediction its verified conditional
consistent we
Cannae say D
arguments
-



,




valid invalid invalid valid

confirmation of the ante cent Imp ) confirmation or the consequent derail of the ante cent derail of the consequent ( Mt )




1 I 2 are premises ( aannamens ) d are assumed to be true .
3 is the valid or invalid logical conclusion

, So how do we
verify a
hypothesis ? H -


-
a true hypothesis
~H= an untrue
hypothesis


I
hot




§
~ =




Ifethehebproeta.h.es?oni?s9oYreata
1-
true true
'
1 if hypothesis then
'


. prediction


.




2 Prediction is true
2.thepreaictionisnoLCOR.pe#
.




-




3 r so does that mean the
yhp thesis is ?
-


.
o
3 . then the hypo this is not correct


↳ =
Valid
,
MT ↳ invalid confirmation
,
of the
consequent (


Hot

|
-
11 2.
-
.
if It

prediction ( P)
is not true

is
,



true
then P is not tru





3 .
the prediction is not
,
not true

4. So the hypothesis is not
,
not true

5 .
So the
hypothesis is
probably true





theories &
hypotheses can never be proven ,

Approaches to science 1) Normative approach = how science should be done
only supported .




2) Historic approach = what scientists actually do




Week 2 oh 3. 5,6



Variables =
Something that varies ,
so at least two levels

constant something that could but only has level in the study in question
vary one
=




Researchers either
study
→ variable
in
any
measure or
manipulate a



measured variable =
one whose levels are simply observed and Recorded ( e.g .
IQ tests or height)

manipulated variable by (e.g manipulated (e.g age

=
controlled the researcher .
dosis ) -
D not
everything Cen be or unethical things )



each variable in a
study can be described in two
ways

1) conceptual

T ?

¥r%m" !
'
onalihed •
conceptual Variables abstract time socializing's
'

" =
concepts ( e.g .




concept
o
conceptual definitions = the careful definition of conceptual variables leg . what do we mean with
'


socializing
'

)

Lto measurable 2) Operational .
. .





Variables
> both Relating to the specific (test) situation

definitions

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