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Kaiser EKG Test Exam Study Guide.
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Kaiser EKG Test Exam Study Guide.depolarization - - inside of cell becomes positive, outside negative
- contraction
- na+ channel opens
- ELECTRICAL
Repolarization - movement of cells = inside is negative again
- An+ channels close, k+ channels open
- MECHANICAL
P wave
Qtrs. wave
T wave - - (p) atrial depolarization
- (qtrs.) ventricular depolarization
- (t) Ventricular repolarization
Refractory period - per of time where cardiac cells cannot respond to stimulus
Absolute refractory period - beginning of qtrs. to peak of t wave
Relative refractory (vulnerable per of repolarization) - - cardiac cells have repolarized
enough to respond to strong stimulus
- During this per a strong stimulus may overtake the pacemaker of the heart
- Ex. PVC during vulnerable period may turn into vetch or torsades
- Prolonged QT interval ink possibility
Causes of prolonged at intervals - Haldol, bradycardia, hypokalemia
Automaticity - ability of pacemaker cells to initiate electrical impulse
Excitability - ability of muscle cells to respond to outside stimulus
Conductivity - ability to receive electrical stimulus and conduct impulse to adjacent cells
Contraction - cardiac cells shorten = muscular contraction in response to electrical
stimulus
as node - - primary pacemaker of heart
- 60-90 bpm
av node - delay = atrial contraction + ventricular filling
- 40-60 bpm
bundle of his - ability to self initiate electrical activity
, - 40-60 bpm
purkinje fibers - network of fibers that carry electrical impulse to ventricular muscle cells
- 20-40 bpm
NSR
Brady
Tachy
SVT
Junctional
Ventricular rhythm - NSR 60-100
Brady 40-60
Tachy >100
SVT >150
Junctional 40-60
Ventricular rhythm 20 - 40
PR interval - 0.12-0.20
beginning of p to beginning of qrs
qrs interval - < 0.12
beginning of q to end of s
qt interval - beginning of q to end of t
- heart rate dependent
is rhythm regular or irregular - measure interval between R waves
ventricular rate - - count # of qrs complexes
atrial rate - - count # of p waves
causes of bradycardia - - vagal
- dig, beta blockers
- compensatory response in acute MI
- ischemic heart disease
- sick sinus. synd
- inc intracranial pressure
bradycardia symptoms - hypotension, AMS, signs of shock, ischemic chest discomfort,
HF
bradycardia tx - atropine
- 1 mg q3-5min
- max dose 3 mg
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