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Bacteria - Answer - Unicellular, prokaryotic
- No internal membranous structure (eg. nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes)
- Genomes are circular, double stranded DNA, and do not code for as many proteins as
eukaryotic organisms
Cholera - Answer dia...
Bacteria - Answer - Unicellular, prokaryotic
- No internal membranous structure (eg. nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes)
- Genomes are circular, double stranded DNA, and do not code for as many proteins as
eukaryotic organisms
Cholera - Answer diarrheal illness caused by bacteria Vibrio cholerae
- Usually mild, but 1 in 10 people have severe disease
- Contracted by eating contaminated food
- Diagnosed via stool sample
- Treated through rehydration and antibiotics
Viruses - Answer - Can infect animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi
- Not considered organisms as they rely on host cell for metabolism and reproduction
- Genome is single/double stranded, DNA/RNA
- Particle is composed with nucleic acid surrounded by protein capsid, and some have an
outer lipid envelope
Influenza - Answer respiratory illness caused by virus
- Fever, cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, body aches, headaches
- Spread via saliva - coughing, sneezing, talking
- Diagnosed by saliva swabs
- Treated with bed rest or antiviral medication, prevented by a vaccine
,Fungi - Answer - Eukaryotic, heterotrophic (can produce food)
- Reproduce by forming spores that can be inhaled and cause infection
- Divided into moulds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular)
Vulvovaginal candidiasis - Answer overgrowth of vaginal yeast Candida (fungi)
- Genital itching
- Candida is always present, but overgrowth occurs with immune system imbalance
- Diagnosis with visual examination and swab
- Treated with antifungal medication
Protozoa - Answer - Unicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic
- Do not have cell walls, so are capable of rapid and flexible movements
Malaria - Answer disease caused by Plasmodium (protozoa)
- Fever, chill, flu-like illness
- Spread when infected female mosquito bites a human
- Diagnosed by blood test
- Preventative drugs exist
Helminths - Answer - Parasitic worms (multicellular invertebrates)
- Physiology is similar to humans, making it very difficult to treat as medications can be
harmful to human cells
Schistosomiasis - Answer disease caused by helminths
- Adult worms produce eggs that cause liver/intestine/bladder scarring
- Contracted by drinking contaminated water
, - Diagnosed via stool/urine sample
- Treated with praziquantel
Prions - Answer Regular prion proteins (PrPc) that misfolded and become resistant to
degradation are classified as infectious (PrPsc) as they accumulate and cause
neurodegenerative disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Answer cow prion disease that causes
nervousness, aggression, coordination difficulties, weight loss
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease - Answer human prior disease that leads to dementia, muscle
jerks, visual disturbances
Why does a mother's immune system not flag her baby's father's DNA? - Answer - Early
on, there is activation of the immune system - NK cells, T-cells, neutrophils are recruited
to the site of implantation
- After 12 weeks of pregnancy, the immune system dampens
- At the end of pregnancy, the immune system is not as inflammatory as it was at the
beginning
Innate physical barrier - physical components - Answer - Skin: creates a barrier that
pathogen cannot cross unless it is breached
- Mucous membranes: cover body cavities and secrete mucus, which traps
microorganisms so cilia can sweep them out of the body
Innate physical barrier - chemical components - Answer - Tears/saliva: secreted by
mucous membranes and contain antimicrobial substance
- Gastric acid: secreted into the stomach, destroys most bacteria and toxins that enter
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