There are pages of detailed notes about key terms and facts within each syllabus topic. This is followed by frequently asked questions that have answers showing how the marks are allocated and word perfect examples to learn for the exam
Mitochondria-site of respiration therefore releases energy
Cell membrane-controls what comes in and out of the cell
Nucleus- controls the activities of the cell
Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
Cytoplasm- site of chemical reactions
In addition, plants have the following:
Cell wall: supports and protects the structure of the cell. Made
out of cellulose
Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis therefore releases energy
Vacuole: stores cell sap
Plants (eukaryotic - contains membrane bound organelles e.g.
nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria):
Multicellular
Store their carbohydrate as starch (no osmotic effect because
it’s insoluble) and sucrose
Cereal example - maize, legumes examples - beans and peas
Animal cells (eukaryotic - contains membrane bound organelles e.g.
nucleus, mitochondria):
Multicellular
Store their carbohydrate as glycogen (no osmotic effect
because it’s insoluble)
E.g. mosquito, house fly and human
Fungi:
, Cell wall made of chitin
They stores their carbohydrates as glycogen
Carry out saprotrophic nutrition - they secrete enzymes extracellularly
to digest dead leaf matter
There body is usually organized into a mycelium made from thread like
structures called hyphae which contain many nuclei
May be multicellular or unicellular
Can't carry out photosynthesis
Examples- mucor (multicellular) yeast(unicellular)
Can be pathogenic
Virus:
Protein coat surrounding either DNA or RNA
Non living - they don’t carry out excretion, movement, respiration,
sensitivity
Always pathogenic
E.g. herpes, tobacco mosaic virus (brown spots - damage to chloroplasts -
less photosynthesise - less growth), coronavirus, HIV causes AIDS - damages
lymphocytes, influenza
They are smaller than bacteria
Can only reproduce inside cells
Protoctist:
eg. Plasmodium which causes malaria
Some are animal like (eg amoeba) some are plant like (eg chlorella)
which has chloroplasts which can respire
Unicellular
Some have a cell wall
,Bacteria (prokaryotes: do not have membrane bound organelles -
they have nucleoid and plasmids):
Sometimes pathogenic
No distinct nucleus - prokaryotic - instead DNA is found on a circular
chromosome known as a nucleus and plasmids
E.g. lactobacillus used in yoghurt making and pneumococcus which causes
pneumonia
Nutrition:
Egestion: removal of faeces from the anus
Excretion: removal of waste products of metabolism e.g. sweating, urine
Digestion: breaking down large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble
molecules
Ingestion: taking food into the body eg. eating
Assimilation: building up larger molecules from small molecules
Physical digestion: eg. teeth chewing
Increases the surface area of food
Does not change the chemical structure
Chemical digestion: eg.enzymes
Changes the chemical structure
, Makes the food more soluble
Enzyme Role Produced by?
Amylase Starch → maltose Salivary glands and pancreas
Maltase Maltose → glucose Salivary glands and pancreas
Protease protein → amino acid Stomach and pancreas
Lipase Lipids → fatty acids and glycerol Pancreas
Elements found in:
Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Fats: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Food tests:
1. Glucose - add benedicts then heat it (water bath). Positive result:
brick red
2. Protein - add biuret. Positive result: turns purple
3. Starch - add iodine. Positive result: turns blue/black
4. Fats - add water + ethanol, shake. Positive result: cloudy/milky
white emulsion
Enzymes: biological catalyst - speeds up chemical reaction without being
used up
Effect of temperature on enzyme activity:
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller emilygates. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
