Final Exam - NUR 325 Questions and Correct Answers
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Module
NUR 325
Institution
NUR 325
Gas exchange the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported out of cells
COPD -condition that causes changes or collapses the alveoli -airflow limitation that is not fully reversible by the loss of elastic recoil and airflow obstruction due to hyper secretion...
Final Exam - NUR 325 Questions and
Correct Answers
Gas exchange ✅the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon
dioxide is transported out of cells
COPD ✅-condition that causes changes or collapses the alveoli
-airflow limitation that is not fully reversible by the loss of elastic recoil and airflow
obstruction due to hyper secretion of mucus, bronchospasm, and mucosal edema
Impairment of gas exchange occurs because ✅-ineffective ventilation
-reduced capacity for gas transportation
-inadequate perfusion
Ventilation, transport and perfusion ✅-starts with getting air into the lungs, availability
of hemoglobin for oxygen, and movement of the blood
-its a well oiled machine, if you have one thing wrong, they all shut down.
Consequences of impaired gas exchange: Mild impairment ✅fatigue, increase in HR
and RR
Consequences of impaired gas exchange: more severe ✅respiratory acidosis
Consequence of impaired gas exchange: prolonged ✅cellular ischemia and necrosis
death
PAD vs PVD ✅-Arterial: having a hard time getting the blood to where you want it (see
necrotic/black)
-Venous: cant get the blood back to the heart
(see edema)
Population risk factors for impaired gas exchange: Infants ✅they have fetal
hemoglobin, their RBC dies quicker and they do not have the ability to transfer oxygen
on the hemoglobin (anemia at 3 months)
Population risk factors for impaired gas exchange: children ✅less alveoli surface
where the gas exchange can occur, narrowing at the branching of the peripheral
airways (choke)
Population risk factors for impaired gas exchange: older adults ✅-physiological
changes when we age
-chronic illness, stiffening of the chest, loss of chest muscles, loss of recoil and elasticity
, Nursing interventions done to increase perfusion ✅-compression devices (venous
return)
-mobility of pt
-cessation of smoking
-diet (heart healthy diet; less cholesterol)
Individual risk factors for impaired gas exchange ✅-age (older adults it is harder to
breathe)
-smoking (vasoconstriction of vessels)
-presence of COPD, HF, Cystic fibrosis
-immunosuppression
-reduced state of cognition/brain injury (increased risk for aspiration)
-prolonged immobility (DVT)
Signs and Symptoms of impaired perfusion ✅-discoloration of skin (pale/dark)
-clubbing
-edema
-persistent ulcers
-poor wound healing
-low energy level
When an individual has compromised gas exchange ✅-history (family, current meds,
lifestyle behaviors, occupation, social environment)
-examination (low O2, high RR, increased HR, more prone to high BP)
-inspection (breathing effort, color, thorax 2:1?, extremities)
-auscultation: ronchi, crackles, heartbeat sounds far away
Impaired gas exchange examination findings ✅-venous distention, restlessness, pallor,
poor skin turgor, easy bruising, peripheral edema, use of accessory muscles, edema
Primary prevention for optimizing gas exchange ✅-infection (standard precautions)
-smoking cessation
-immunizations
-prevention of complications (DVT)
Secondary prevention for optimizing gas exchange ✅-Mantoux skin test (TB)
Mantoux Skin test ✅-TB test
-48-72 hours (hard spot is positive)
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