PSY 308 Final Exam | Questions, Answers and Rationales
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Module
PSY 308
Institution
PSY 308
PSY 308 Final Exam | Questions, Answers and Rationales In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event A. is required for objects to act on each other. B. is required for social beings to act on each other. C. would not be requir...
In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation
that a launching event
A. is required for objects to act on each other.
B. is required for social beings to act on each other.
C. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other.
D. would not be required to move an object.
It is thought that infants do not expect one object will influence another without touching
it.
To examine whether young children can consider thoughts of others, investigators
began studying
A. propositional thought.
B. false beliefs.
C. contrary predictions.
D. the A-not-B error.
Investigators examined false beliefs, or where the children believed another individual
may look for an item that was moved when the observer was not present.
The study by Johnson et al. (1998) found that infants treat furry objects that interact with
them as
A. nonsocial agents.
B. social agents.
C. objects to be feared.
D. inanimate objects.
Infants treated furry objects as social agents (not just moving objects), including looking
where the object turned to "look."
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Newborns are not sensitive to social stimuli.
B. Newborns show extreme distress if the parent leaves.
C. Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds.
D. Newborns show clear preferences for being around particular people.
Infants first show specific bonds at around 6 to 7 months.
,Sol, a 9-month-old, is extremely distraught when his mother leaves the house. He
cannot be consoled by his babysitter. This illustrates
A. attachment distress.
B. irritable temperament.
C. separation anxiety.
D. stranger fear.
Sol is demonstrating a separation anxiety, which typically emerges at about 8 months.
He demonstrates distress when his mother leaves and wants her to return
Learning theorists viewed all of the following as strong potential influences on the
quality of attachment EXCEPT:
A. feeding schedules
B. age of weaning
C. drives of oral gratification
D. form of feeding (bottle vs. breast)
Freud believed that breastfeeding provided oral gratification and that this led to
attachment. Learning theorists focused on how infants formed bonds to positively
reinforcing stimuli.
Dr. Love is interested in the functional role of attachment in the development of
organisms. Dr. Love is a/an
A. learning theorist.
B. ethological theorist.
C. cognitive developmental theorist.
D. psychoanalytic theorist.
Ethological theorists approach the bond between offspring and parents from an
evolutionary and comparative perspective. They focus on the functional role of
attachment in the development of organisms and groups of organisms
Alden's mother takes him to visit a new friend's home. Alden is excitedly playing with
toys but upon hearing a loud noise grows scared and crawls back to his mother.
Ethological theorists would say Alden is using his mother as a/an
A. secure base.
B. protective center.
C. shielding presence.
D. safe harbor.
Alden's mother serves as a secure base form which he could explore and return to
when he felt threatened.
,Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on
specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase?
A. reciprocal relationships
B. clear-cut attachment phase
C. attachment-in-the-making phase
D. preattachment phase
Paula is in the attachment-in-the-making phase, which begins at around 6 weeks of age
and is signaled by using smiles and cries to focus on specific.
What hormone is known to produce increased feelings of trust and affection toward
others?
A. oxytocin
B. estrogen
C. progesterone
D. dopamine
Oxytocin is a hormone found in higher concentrations in mother's saliva as a
consequence of seeing her infants smile. As a result, oxytocin is know to produce
increased feelings of trust and affection towards others.
Pedro's mother stops interacting with him and freezes her face for several seconds.
Infant Pedro will most likely
A. fail to respond to her when she starts interacting with him again
B. not notice his mother's behavior has changed.
C. show distress and start to disengage socially.
D. start to disengage socially without showing distress.
In the still-face paradigm, infants like Pedro will become distressed at the lack of
responses and reciprocity in interacting with their mothers. Pedro is expecting his
mother to attend to him in rhythmic patterns of give-and-take that characterize social
interactions.
Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is
an example of
A. joint attention.
B. social viewing.
C. social referencing.
D. visual triangulation.
This is an examples of joint attention, which refers to the infant and another person, in
this case the dad, attending to the same object or event.
, Naina participates in the Strange Situation with her mother. She becomes upset when
her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Naina stops crying and rushes
to hug her mother. Naina would most likely be classified as demonstrating a/an
A. insecure/avoidant attachment.
B. secure attachment.
C. insecure/resistant attachment.
D. disorganized attachment.
Secure infants show clear distress when their caregivers leave the room but are very
happy when their caregivers return. Secure infants appear confident in the mother when
she is present.
Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys
while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his
father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with
another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing
A. insecure/resistant attachment.
B. insecure/avoidant attachment.
C. secure attachment.
D. disorganized attachment.
Avoidant infants do not appear upset when the caregiver leaves. Avoidant infants tend
to avoid or ignore the caregiver when he or she returns.
Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive
negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also
pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative
emotional states in others. It is likely that
A. Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.
B. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment.
C. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment.
D. Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant.
The less accurate the mother-to-be is at perceiving distress-related emotions, the
likelier her infant is to show an insecure attachment. Thus, Amber's infant is more likely
to demonstrate an insecure attachment.
Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than
other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______
attachment.
A. Type D: disorganized
B. Type C: insecure/resistant
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