LEB 320F Ethics Test with Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Module
LEB 320F Ethics
Institution
LEB 320F Ethics
LEB 320F Ethics Test with Complete Solutions Graded A+
cognitive dissonance - Answer-- Avoid uncomfortable psychological inconsistency
- Difficult to process contradictory information
- Will cognitively screen information and tend to reject that which undermines their decisions or contradicts ...
LEB 320F Ethics Test with
Complete Solutions
Graded A+
cognitive dissonance - Answer-- Avoid uncomfortable psychological inconsistency
- Difficult to process contradictory information
- Will cognitively screen information and tend to reject that which undermines their
decisions or contradicts their positions
- Ex. ignorant debates
self-serving bias - Answer-- Potentially most influential
- Gather, process, and remember information that advances self-interest and supports
pre-existing views
- Search out information that supports perspective and conclusion you are trying to
prove
- Confirmation bias - ignore evidence that contradicts conclusion
- Belief persistence - hold belief long after basis has been discredited
- Casual attribution theory - attribute more than average credit to yourself
- The more subjective the judgment and the less certain the facts, the more influential
the self-serving bias is
time-delay trap - Answer-- Short term consequences easier for people to consider
Inability to defer gratification
- temporal equivalent of moral distance
- time proximity
tangible and abstract - Answer-- Decision making more impacted by the tangible than
by removed
- Moral distance - farther away from impact, easier to make the decision
sunk cost - Answer-- Escalation of commitment; difficulty cutting cord or scrapping
- Ex. relationships
loss aversion - Answer-- Endowment effect - attach ourselves to things and then value
them higher than we would've originally valued them before we identified; sentimental
value; ex. first car
- Detest loss twice as much than enjoy gains
, - Loss aversion interacts with framing to create a volatile mix - even in the absence of a
direct economic incentive, people are more wiling to manage earnings when to do so
would avoid reporting a loss (aka managers more likely to commit fraud if they think
stock price will decline rather than if they think it will get them ahead of competitors)
time pressure - Answer-more pressure, more likely to make ethical missteps
money - Answer-thinking about money weakens social relationships, which is what
morality is rooted in
fundamental attribution error - Answer-- underestimate how situational factors affect
others' decisions and overestimate how much they affect our own
- other = character, you = situational/circumstances
self-model - Answer-- Make decision regarding own responsibility in addition to the
"right" thing
- Judgement arises from a person's moral identity
- Human tendency to strive for self-consistency
rationalization strategies - Answer-• Denial of responsibility - have no other choice
• Denial of injury - claim no one was harmed
• Denial of victim - deserved what happened
• Social weighting - condemn the condemner and use selective social comparison
• Appeal to higher loyalties
• Metaphor of the ledger - entitled to indulge in deviant behavior because of accrued
credits in their jobs
pre-scripting - Answer-envision ethical problems in advance and anticipate your
reaction; think in advance
socialize newcomers into corrupt environments by - Answer-o Co-optation - rewards to
induce change
o Compromise - backed into corruption in an attempt to resolve a pressing problem
o Incrementalism - gradually introduced
SRI - Answer-• Socially responsible investing
corporation as a moral agent - Answer-- Group dynamics - safety in numbers; people
act differently in a group than individually
Actions motivated by corporate rather than personal purposes
- No single person really feels responsible - formal lines of accountability and authority
are fuzzy
- Lack of communication between branches
- Since responsibility is dispersed, counteract by imposing moral responsibility on firm
o Corporate social responsibility - is this appropriate or an obligation? Regardless of
whether it pays
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