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AQA Psychology Essay Plans Paper 2
Essay plans for AQA Psychology paper 2 - terminology / definitions MARK SCHEME BASED
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APPROACHESAO1:
Origins of Early Philosophical Roots
Psychology
- Descartes = mind and body are
independent (cartesian dualism)
- Locke = all experience can be
obtained through senses and
everyone has tabula rasa
(empiricism)
- Darwin = evolutionary theory
Wundt
- known as ‘the father of psychology’
by moving from philosophical roots
to controlled research.
- Set up the first psychology
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in the
1870s.
- Introspection – systematic analysis
of one's own conscious experience
of a stimulus.
- investigating internal events by
examining conscious thoughts and
feelings.
- Structuralism = an experience was
analysed in terms of its component
parts e.g. sensations, emotional
reaction etc.
- Standardised procedures to increase
reliability
- Same stimulus (eg. ticking
metronome)
- focus on being objective
- Wundt would ask people to focus on
an everyday object and look inwards
noticing sensations and feelings and
images
- Breaking thoughts about an object
down into separate elements
- Systematic reporting of an
experience of object
Timeline
- 1879 = Wundt
- 1900s = Psychodynamic
- 1913 = Behaviorism
- 1950s = Humanistic
, - 1960s = Cognitive + SLT
- 1980s = Biological
- 21st century = Cognitive
Neuroscience
AO1:
Learning:
Behaviourism Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
- Learning by association
- Pairing NS with UCS elicits a CR
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
- Learning by consequences
- Rats in skinner boxes kept on
pushing the level that released a
food pellet
- Positive reinforcement = increases
likelihood of a behaviour to get
positive outcome
- Negative reinforcement = increases
likelihood of a behaviour to avoid
negative outcome
- Punishment = decreases likelihood
of a behaviour to avoid negative
outcome
AO3:
Real life application
- provides explanations for a specified
behaviour eg phobias (classical
conditioning)
- approach can be applied to
behavioural problems eg token
economy in institutions
, - Studies proven to show its efficiency
Environmental determinism
- Skinner suggests behaviour is
determined by reinforcement history
- Lack of room for free will
- experiences /external forces
determine the outcome
- Stimulus-response link instead of
conscious behaviour
Scientific basis
- Measured objective behaviour in
highly controlled lab settings
- Reliable findings and standardisation
- Brought psychology scientific
credibility
AO1:
Learning: SLT
Vicarious reinforcement
- Reinforcement that is not direct but
observed when a consequence
occurs
Identification
- More likely to imitate when the
model can be identified with
(modelling)
- High status, attractive or similar
characteristics
Mediational Process
- Cognitive factors that influence
learning/imitation
- attention – observation of behaviour
- retention – being able to recall the
behaviour
- Motor reproduction – the ability to
reproduce the behaviour
- motivation –
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