This document contains in-depth essay plans and responses to all questions/markers asked by the exam board (OCR). They are quality written and contain specific theories, facts and information that will get you to the top of the mark scheme. Has tremendously helped previous students before to boost ...
- 40 marker: (2 sociologists for evaluation)
- 20 marker: (1 sociologists for evaluation)
- 10 markers- 2 paras with theories/ok to support points
10 MARKERS
Explain what ways can green crime be seen as a growing global concern?
Green crime can be seen as a criminal activity which affects the environment in
some way. For example, it leads to the dumping of toxic waste, fly-tipping and
the trafficking of endangered species. Additionally, Franko Aas, points out that
like organised crime, global crime demonstrates the intersection of local and
glocal crime. Therefore, this shows some of these offences have been created
on a global scale by large criminal organisations and so there is an overlap
between global organised crime and green crime. Global crime can also be
global as shown by the millions of avoidable deaths around the globe that are
linked to preventable environmental problems, such as the absence of clean
drinking water. This also suggests that it is always the poorest people who
suffer most from environmental harms, losing their livelihoods and way of life.
Damage done by activities far exceeds damage done by street crime. For
example, Potter gives examples of food riots around the world as agricultural
production has been given over to producing biofuels. Therefore, this shows
the consequences of state sanctioned activities which often relate to the
environment, even if it is only indirectly. The food riots have fuelled protests
by lorry drivers and this also demonstrated how scarce natural resources can
lead to public unrest and disorder. Therefore, this shows how crime can be
global because
In what ways can crime and deviance be seen as functional?
Crime and deviance can be seen as functional because it means that people can
distinguish right from wrong. For example, Durkheim argued that crime is part
of a healthy society where he felt that crime and deviance was inevitable. So
individuals can identify boundaries of what is acceptable behaviour.Therefore,
socialisation is very important to ensure that everyone learns the same norms
and values, thus preventing anomie and encouraging members in society to
control deviance through applications of sanctions.
, Crime and deviance can be seen as being functional because of the value
consensus. For example, Durkheim also argued that crime brings together
upright consciences. This collective conscience may be expressed through
the shared sense of shock, outrage, horror, anger and fear that the public may
demonstrate after hearing about certain events. Therefore this can promote
social solidarity which can mean that everyone is outraged together and share
the same norms and values. This can be functional for society because
everyone is integrated together and social order to be maintained because if
people do not learn these values, it will leave society in a state of chaos, or
‘normlessness’, in which Durkheim called ‘anomie.’
Outline what ways can deviance be linked to labelling?
Deviance can be linked to labelling because powerful agencies, such as the
police target ethnic minority for crime. This is demonstrated by Cicourel whose
research illustrates how the police make judgements which are often based on
preconceived ideas about what counts as suspicious and unusual. He
suggested that black-caribbean boys are more likely to be targeted because of
their race. This also supported by Young who said that black males in
particular may experience discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Therefore, formal agencies of control may use their power to blame and use
black males as a scapegoat for the high levels of crime in society.
Deviance can also be linked to labelling due to perceived societal reaction. For
example, this is developed by Becker who indicated that individuals took up to
what is called the self-fulfilling prophecy. This is where an individual is labelled
and reacted to in a particular way where they are likely to internalise that label
which will affect their self-concept. For example, this can lead to a master
status where the individual will find it difficult to conform to society's rules.
Therefore, deviance can be linked to labelling because society’s labelling on
individual may lead to deviancy amplification where the individual will live up to
this role and commit more crime.
In what ways are patterns and trends in offending and victimisation related
to age?
The pattern and trends in offending show that youth crime may be more visible than
adult crime. For example, although young people are aged between 10-17 they
are responsible for 23% of police recorded crime in 2009-10, given that they
represent only one in ten of the population above the age of criminal
responsibility. Therefore, evidence from police recorded crime figures suggests that
young people are more likely to offend than adults and be responsible for minority of
incidents of police recorded crime.
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