Other
Contemporary Urban Environments Revision Guide
In depth revision guide covering all the basis for your Geogrpahy A level Urbanisation topic
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Contemporary UrbanEnvironments Revision
,Patterns of Urbanisation
Millionaire - important node in economic system 1 million +
Mega city - urban agglomeration with population: 10 million +
Meta city - conurbation with population: 20 million +
Causes of Urban Growth
1. Natural population growth
o Urban areas have young age profiles
o Longer life expectancy
2. Rural - Urban migration
o Push: Agricultural problems (desertification and low rainfall)
o Push: High levels of local disease (inadequate medical provision)
o Push: Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes)
o Push: Wars/civil strife
o Pull: More Employment opportunities in service industries
o Pull: Better Standard of living + perceived quality of life
Consequences of Urban Growth
1. Urban sprawl
® New roads, congestion+ air pollution (car-dependent lifestyles)
® Wildlife habitat + farmland loss
® Decentralisation of retail companies
® Homogenisation of landscape
2. Housing shortages
® Increased slum population in LICs & Lack affordable housing in HICs
3. Lack of urban services
® Lack of waste disposal, sewage and drainage maintenance
® Rapid spread of disease
* old car tyres used to make cheap sandals (Nairobi)
* washing machine doors used as kitchen bowls (Nairobi)
* glass bottles collected for refilling (Nairobi)
4. Unemployment
® Many migrants work in informal sector (street hawking)
5. Transport issues
® Suburb housing creates surges of morning and evening commuters
,Contemporary Urban Processes
Counter urbanisation - urban to rural movement, crossing rural-urban fringe
Decentralisation - industry movement from urban centre to outlying areas
Deindustrialisation - loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
Gentrification - buying and renovating of run-down properties, by wealthy
Suburbanisation - inner city to outer city due to transport and communication
Urban resurgence - regeneration of an area suffering decline
1. Suburbanisation
Less pollution
Crime free
Quieter environment
® Urban sprawl
® Social segregation (wealthy move out)
® Diversion of funding away from inner city areas
2. Counter-urbanisation
Cheaper land prices in rural areas
broadband - allows people to work from home
car ownership - allows people to commute
® Tension between newcomers and originals
® Parishes amalgamated into larger units
® Closure of public local rural facilities as newcomers use urban facilities
3. Evidence for counter urbanisation
® increase use of commuter railway station
® increase value of housing in area
® construction of more executive housing
® demolition of old properties
® conversion of former farmhouses to exclusive buildings
4. ‘Rural turnaround’
® Out migration of young village-born seeking employment
® Decline of elderly village-born
® In migration of married couples/families
® In migration of more affluent = increased house prices
, Urban Change
Causes of deindustrialisation
1. Mechanisation - cheaper to use machines
2. Competition from abroad i.e China and Taiwan
3. Reduced demand for traditional products
4. Depletion of resources
5. Change of government policies
Impacts of de-industrialisation
Social
® increase unemployment
® increase levels of deprivation
® outmigration of qualified, working population
® increase levels of crime and social issues
® loss of community morale
Economic
® loss of jobs and disposable income
® loss of tax income to local authority
® increase demand for state benefits
® de-multiplier effect in urban areas
Environmental
® Derelict land and deterioration of infrastructure
® Long term pollution from ‘dirty’ industries - lack of money for remediation
® Reduction in noise, traffic and pollution
Decentralisation
ø Redistributing, functions, powers or people away from CBD
ø Delegation of power amongst different levels of government
ø Aim to improves production efficiency
ø Improves accountability to service users
Urban policy (general)
Å Government strategies to manage urban development
Å Involves a holistic, ‘bottom-up’ approach
Å Involves coordinated involvement of individual sub-policies
Å Eg. Regeneration
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller aayanskhan2006. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £6.96. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76747 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now
