Nur 265 - Cardiovascular test 3 questions fully solved & updated .
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Module
NUR 265
Institution
NUR 265
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
A way of describing the disorders and manifestations that make up unstable Angina and Myocardial Infarction.
• Describe any conditions characterized by signs and symptoms of sudden myocardial ischemia
Afterload
The force that the ventricles must develop to ...
Nur 265 - Cardiovascular test 3
questions fully solved & updated
2024-2025.
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) - answer A way of describing the
disorders and manifestations that make up unstable Angina and
Myocardial Infarction.
• Describe any conditions characterized by signs and symptoms of
sudden myocardial ischemia
Afterload - answer The force that the ventricles must develop to
eject blood into circulation
• The amount of resistance against which the hearty must pump to
get blood into systemic circulation
Contractility - answer The force of contraction of the heart muscle
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - answer Myocardial impairment
caused by an imbalance between coronary blood flow and
myocardial oxygen requirements as a result of obstructed blood
flow through the coronary arteries.
• Can lead to myocardial ischemia
• Atherosclerosis is most common cause
Coronary Artery Disease - answer 4 primary risk factors: smoking,
DM (especially in women), HTN, high cholesterol
• LDL greater than 100
• Patho:
- localized accumulation of lipids and fibrous tissue within coronary
arteries.
,- Narrowing of lumen.
- Increased myocardial oxygen demand, ischemia, chance of MI
• Results of myocardial ischemia - angina pectoris, acute MI and
death
• ACS - unstable angina and MI
Preload - answer The volume of blood distending the ventricles at
end-diastole
• The amount of blood waiting to be pumped into systemic
circulation
• S&S of elevated preload: anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain
Starling's Law - answer States that the cardiac muscle fibers stretch
to a certain point
• This stretching allows for a more forceful contraction, thus
increasing the stroke volume and venous return to the heart
• Causes a temporary improvement in cardiac output.
• However, once the cardiac fibers stretch beyond a certain point
then the cardiac output decreases
• Relates to preload
Stroke Volume - answer The amount of blood ejected by the heart
with each beat
Transmural Myocardial Infarction - answer A MI which involves the
entire thickness of the cardiac muscles
Heart Disease S&S in Women - answer • Fatigue, lethargy,
• Heaviness or squeezing pain left chest, abdomen, mid back, arm,
shoulder without midchest pain
• Palpitations, ingestion, nausea, indigestion
,• Numbness of hands, sharp fleeting pain, chest discomfort during
rest or sleep or with other symptoms during exertion.
• Chest discomfort includes burning stabbing tingling
Diagnostic Test - answer • EKG: detects myocardial ischemia.
- T wave and ST segment changes occur when patient is
symptomatic.
- Returns to normal when patient is free of symptoms
• Exercise Electrocardiography (stress test) - Evaluates functional
capacity of heart
- Evokes symptoms under controlled conditions to progressively
increase O2 demand
- Treadmill or bike
- If positive then patient is experiencing symptoms
- EKG hangers, chest pain, vertigo, sob, BP changes
Diagnostic Test Testing Women - answer • EKG less likely to have
concurrent st segment elevation
• Stress test false positive more common
• Exercise echocardiography more reliable
• Heart cath with angiography most reliable but due to invasive
nature should only be used if strong suspicion is present
Blood Pressure - answer Is controlled by blood flow and peripheral
vascular resistance
• Blood flow is affected by heart rate and amount of blood ejected
by heart with each beat (SV).
- Faster heart beat = less perfusion
• Peripheral Vascular Resistance affected by viscosity of blood
(anticoagulant, synthetic hormones thicken blood (birth control) and
dilation or constriction of blood vessel
, • Internal mechanisms that affect dilation/constriction of vessels:
baroreceptors, SNS, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
Blood Pressure values - answer • Normal BP: systolic 120 or less,
diastolic 80 or less
• Pre HTN: 120-139, 80-89.
- Prehypertensive patients face twice the risk of HTN than those
that fall in normal category
• Stage 1 HTN: 140-159/90-99
• Stage 2 HTN: 160 or higher/100 or higher
• Patients with diabetes or renal disease should have readings less
than 130/80.
Hypertension (HTN) - answer A disorder that is characterized by
systolic blood pressure that is persistently 140 mmHg or above and
a diastolic pressure that is persistently 90 mmHg or above
• Is based on 2 or more elevated findings
• The blood pressure is elevated for a sustained period of time
• Both don't have to be elevated to diagnose HTN
Hypertension: Essential (Primary/Idiopathic) - answer • Has no
identifiable cause
• Accounts for 90-95% if all types of hypertension
• Physiological factors commonly seen: Hyperactivity of sympathetic
nervous system, hyperactivity of the renin-angiotension aldosterone
system, endothelial dysfunction
Hypertension: Essential - answer Associated Risk Factors
• Age greater than 60
• Family history of hypertension
• Excessive calorie consumption
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