Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3 Questions And Answers Rated A+ New Update Assured Satisfaction
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Module
PNB 2XB3
Institution
PNB 2XB3
Astrocytes - ️️glial, maintain ionic environment
Lumbar - ️️hips and legs
Tetrodoxin (TTX) - ️️- found in puffer fish ovaries
- one could kill 30 adult humans
- causes death via paralysis of respiratory muscles
- fish has TTX resistant Na channels
- irreversibly blocks channel
De...
Tetrodoxin (TTX) - ✔️✔️- found in puffer fish ovaries
- one could kill 30 adult humans
- causes death via paralysis of respiratory muscles
- fish has TTX resistant Na channels
- irreversibly blocks channel
Dermatomes - ✔️✔️spinal nerves innervate sections of the skin, message from certain
section of skin is sent to certain section of spine
- skin corresponds to spin
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - ✔️✔️All parts not within bone (peripheral nerves)
How are neurons similar/different to other cells - ✔️✔️similar: enclosed by lipid bilayer
and contain organelles
different: unique morphology of dendrites and axons and electrically excitable
Dendrites - ✔️✔️- receives signals from other neuron (input)
Axons - ✔️✔️- Send signals to other neurons (outputs)
- Action potential is produced at the start of the axon, neurotransmitters are released to
other neurons
,Cortical pyramidal cell - ✔️✔️long axons and dendrites, make up 70% of neurons in
cortex, glutamatergic, projections travel long distance
Glial cells - ✔️✔️- 3x more glial cells than neurons
- support cells with varying morphology
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocyte
- microglia
Oligodendrocyte - ✔️✔️glial, myelinate neurons
microglia - ✔️✔️glial, scavenge cellular debris
Dorsal (brain) - ✔️✔️Top
Dorsal (spine) - ✔️✔️back
Ventral (spine) - ✔️✔️stomach
Rostral (brain) - ✔️✔️Front
Rostral (spine) - ✔️✔️top
Caudal (brain) - ✔️✔️back
Caudal (spine) - ✔️✔️bottom
Neuroaxis positional terms - ✔️✔️nervous system bends at the brain
Midline - ✔️✔️line separating left and right
Contralateral - ✔️✔️opposite side
Decussate - ✔️✔️Cross midline
proximal - ✔️✔️close to point of reference
distal - ✔️✔️far from point of reference
medial - ✔️✔️near midline
, lateral - ✔️✔️far from midline
Ventral (brain) - ✔️✔️bottom
Ipsilateral - ✔️✔️same side
efferent - ✔️✔️projecting away from reference (away from the brain to the body, motor)
afferent - ✔️✔️projecting towards reference (body towards the brain, sensory)
Planes of sections - ✔️✔️- Coronal (left to right)
- Sagittal (front to back)
- Horizontal
Brain symmetry - ✔️✔️- the brain is symmetric
- left and right sides are similar
- bilateral symmetry (2 dorsal horns, 2 ventral horns)
Localization of function - ✔️✔️different parts of the brain have different functions,
remains constant between species
Sulcus - ✔️✔️Groove in persons brain
Gyrus - ✔️✔️a bump on persons brain
Broca's area - ✔️✔️Frontal lobe
Wernicke's area - ✔️✔️Temporal lobe
Cerebral cortex folding - ✔️✔️increased folding with sulci and gyri increases surface
area , increased surface area = increased intelligence
Nissl stain - ✔️✔️classic technique, way of seeing individual cell bodies under a
microscope, uses basic dyes to stain endoplasmic reticulum
Brodmann's areas - ✔️✔️found different areas of brain had distinct cytoarchitecture
using nissl stain, neocortex has 6 layers due to different densities
Important broadmans areas - ✔️✔️Area 17 - visual cortex
Area 3, 2, 1 - somatosensory
Area 4 - motor cortical area
Area 41, 42 - auditory
Each area has similar density
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