Exam (elaborations)
BIOL 373 Midterm 1 (Unit 1, 2 and 3) questions with 100% correct answers
- Module
- Institution
BIOL 373 Midterm 1 (Unit 1, 2 and 3) questions with 100% correct answers
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
BravelRadon
Reviews received
Content preview
BIOL 373 Midterm 1 (Unit 1, 2 and 3)What is physiology? - correct answer ✔✔the science of the function of living systems
What is homeostasis? - correct answer ✔✔the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
(especially ECF)
-oscillation around a set point
Who is Walter Cannon? - correct answer ✔✔the father of physiology
coined the term "homeostasis"
What is the difference between local and reflex control? - correct answer ✔✔Local control = cells near
site of change initiate response
Reflex control = cells at a distant site control response
What is negative feedback? - correct answer ✔✔stabilizes variable (correction in opposite direction of
change)
What is feedforward mechanism? - correct answer ✔✔control anticipates change
What is positive feedback? - correct answer ✔✔reinforces stimulus (NOT homeostatic)
What are the 3 ways cells can communicate long range? - correct answer ✔✔endocrine - chemical
released in blood and distributed throughout the body
neural - electrical signal travels down neuron then becomes chemical which travels to target cell
neuroendocrine - electrical signal travels travel down neuron then becomes chemical signal that is
secreted into the blood
What determines what type of receptors ligands will interact with? - correct answer ✔✔chemical
properties of the ligands
,surface receptor = hydrophillic/lipophobic/water soluble
intracellular receptor = hydrophobic/lipophillic/water insoluble
How can cells change their response to different signals? - correct answer ✔✔change receptor number
or sensitivity
increase = increase expression of gene that codes for receptor or increase expression of receptor
proteins on cell surface
decrease = internalize surface receptors
change receptor sensitivity = phosphorylation
How is a GPCR activated? - correct answer ✔✔-signal molecule binds to receptor and causes
conformational change
-activates G protein by exchanging GDP for GTP
-when GTp binds alpha subunit+GTP dissociates from the B and gamma subunits
-G alpha subunit turns itself off by hydrolizing GTP
What affect does Cholera Toxin have on the inactivation of G alpha subunit? - correct answer ✔✔-blocks
GTP hydrolysis (GTPase activity)
-results in persistent activation of adenylate cyclase
What are Cannon's Postulates? - correct answer ✔✔-the nervous system has a role in maintaining the
'fitness' of the internal environment
-some systems under tonic control
-some systems are under antagonistic control
-one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues
Specificity of neural vs. endocrine control - correct answer ✔✔neural = single target cell or limited
number of adjacent target cells
endocrine = exposed to all cells but only those which receptors responsd
, Nature of signal for neural vs. endocrine control - correct answer ✔✔neural = electrical signal that turns
chemical (neurotransmitter)
endocrine = chemical signals
Speed of neural vs. endocrine control - correct answer ✔✔neural = very rapid
endocrine = much slower than neural responses
Duration of action in neural vs. endocrine control - correct answer ✔✔neural = usually very short
endocrine = longer than neural responses
Coding for stimulus intensity in neural vs endocrine control - correct answer ✔✔neural = each signal is
identical in strength. Increase intensity by increasing frequency
endocrine = intensity proportional to amount of hormone secreted
What are the evolutionary trends in the nervous system? - correct answer ✔✔bilateral symmetry ->
cephalization -> consolidation of PNS -> nerves -> ventral nerve cord -> dorsal nerve cord -> spinal cord -
> increasing role of forebrain
Describe the development of the Human CNS - correct answer ✔✔4 weeks: anterior end of neural tube
specialized into 3 regions (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain) and spinal cord
6 weeks: neural tube differentiates into major brain regions present at birth
forebrain -> diencephalon, cerebrum
midbrain
hindbrain -> medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons
11 weeks: growth of cerebrum much more rapid than that of other regions
birth: cerebrum covers most of other brain regions; convoluted surface due to rapid growth in confined
space
What structures provide protection and support for CNS? - correct answer ✔✔-surrounded by bony
cage: cranium
-3 layers of connective tissues: meninges
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller BravelRadon. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £14.33. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
84866 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now