What is the definition of ODA Answer - official development assistance: flows
of financing administered with the intention of economic development and
welfare of developing countries
What qualifies as ODA Answer - government to government transfer, no
private funding (NGOs, military, etc)
Explain the relationship between the Marshall Plan and ODA Answer -
Marshall Plan (1948-1951) demonstrated effectiveness of ODA by rebuilding
Europe after WW2
List four motivations for the selection of ODA recipient countries by donor
countries Answer - strategic objectives, stimulate economic links, former
spheres of influence (colonial), 'humane internationalism'
What are the two main objectives of ODA Answer - supplement savings of
individuals (economic), enhances investment (welfare, infrastructure, social
policies)
What does Sachs believe about ODA Answer - more savings and investment
increases capital which increases growth which increases individual income
(more money for savings and investment, getting on ladder of development,
ODA breaks poverty trap)
According to Sachs, what are the six types of capital that the poor lack Answer
- human capital (health, nutrition, skills), business capital (machinery, facilities),
, infrastructure, natural capital (arable land, good soils), public institutional
capital (law, policing, gvt services), knowledge capital (tech, science)
Sachs believes that ODA starts capital accumulation in what three ways Answer
- household support, public investments, private sector support (micro-finance)
What is a major obstacle to meeting MDGs/SDGs Answer - Much of foreign aid
comes in a form that is not useful to meeting poverty reduction plans
Who conducted the most comprehensive survey ever done on ODA Answer -
Roger C. Riddell
What are the five main data and methodological problems with research on
ODA Answer - most poverty data is weak, absence of baseline data or
evaluation of many projects, difficult to attribute causality to intervention, little
agreement on sources of growth/factors of development, aid is additional to
other efforts
Define aid conditionality Answer - acton or promises of actions, made by
recipient governments only at the insistence of the aid providers (measures
that would not otherwise be taken or different time frame)
How did the IMF and WB practice exhibit aid conditionality Answer - traded
money for reform (belief that poor policies result in wasted aid, typically used
Washington Consensus type policies to promote good governance)
List four reasons why aid conditionality is not effective Answer - no evidence of
link between conditionality and better policies, countries only making small
changes (exchange rate, privatization), non-implementation of policies rarely
punished (other sources of money), local political concerns over-ride
conditionality
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