Looking for CIE A Level Biology notes? These Cell Structure and Microscopy notes are compiled directly from CIE 9700 AS Level Biology mark schemes. With every single specification point labelled and covered, simply memorising these notes guarantees you will get top marks (A*) on the day. These poin...
NOTES: Italics indicates NOT from the mark scheme (often means no
mark schemes relating to the spec point). These are taken instead
from the CIE A Level textbook, which occasionally includes extra
detail to help my own understanding. All others are directly copied
from CIE 9700 mark schemes.
Mark scheme abbreviations: I = ignore, A = accept, R = reject. A
semi-colon “;” separates marking points, which are sometimes
numbered. “AVP” = any valid point. See the start of any mark
scheme for full abbreviations.
1. Cell Structure (incl. Microscopy)
Nucleolus + nuclear envelope:
1 two membranes forming, nuclear envelope ;
A nuclear envelope is composed of a double membrane
2 nuclear pores too small to allow DNA to, pass through / escape ;
3 AVP ;
prevents DNA from being broken down (by enzymes)
I DNA damage by enzymes
protects DNA from hydrolytic enzymes
nuclear envelope is a barrier, between nucleus and, cytoplasm
Golgi:
Structure:
flattened sacs / cisternae ;
stack / layered / described ;
idea that each cisterna in stack is, separate / not interconnected ;
smooth (outer surface) / no ribosomes ;
close to, nucleus / RER ; single membrane ;
ref. to swollen ends to cisternae
Function:
modification of protein / glycosylation / described modification of
lipid
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