Looking for CIE A Level Biology notes? These Biological Molecules notes are compiled directly from CIE 9700 AS Level Biology mark schemes. With every single specification point labelled and covered, simply memorising these notes guarantees you will get top marks (A*) on the day. These points are gu...
NOTES: Italics indicates NOT from the mark scheme (often means no
mark schemes relating to the spec point). These are taken instead
from the CIE A Level textbook, which occasionally includes extra
detail to help my own understanding. All others are directly copied
from CIE 9700 mark schemes.
Mark scheme abbreviations: I = ignore, A = accept, R = reject. A
semi-colon “;” separates marking points, which are sometimes
numbered. “AVP” = any valid point. See the start of any mark
scheme for full abbreviations.
Numbers before the heading of a note indicate the specification
reference.
For example: Topic 2, “7 – molecular structure of polysaccharides…”
refers to specification point 2.7)
2. Biological Molecules (including details of food tests required for
Paper 3)
Carbohydrates:
4 - glucose, fructose, maltose are reducing; sucrose is non-reducing
7 - molecular structure of polysaccharides and contributions to
functions:
Starch (amylose and amylopectin) :
amylose, spiral / spiralled / helix / helical ; only 1,4 α bonds
amylopectin branched ; 1,4 α and 1,6 α bonds
compact / AW ; qualified ;
e.g. for maximum storage (so) insoluble / osmotically inactive /
inert ;
amylopectin, many free ends (so easily supplies glucose) ;
(amylose / amylopectin / starch) contain glucose for immediate use
as respiratory substrate (on hydrolysis) ;
Glycogen : 1,4 α and 1,6 α bonds
many, terminals / ends, for, attachment of glucose and removal of
glucose ;
glucose can be stored quickly ;
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