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Exam 4 MIC 205 Daydif – Questions and answers A+ Rated
Exam 4 MIC 205 Daydif – Questions and answers A+ Rated
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Exam 4 MIC 205 Daydif – Questions andanswers A+ Rated
what does active mean? - - the person is making the immune response
not getting immune response from someone else
- what does passive mean? - - immune response passed from one person to
another
- naturally acquired active immunity - - antigens enter body naturally
through infection + immune system produces antibodies and specialized
lymphocytes
- T/F: immunity length can vary upon the agent - - TRUE
- life-long immunity means? - - once you are exposed to these agents +
your immune system makes antibodies against these, you have immunity for
life
- which antigens do we have life-long immunity against? - - chickenpox,
measles, smallpox, yellow fever
- immune system does not build immunity at all to which agents? - -
influenza + pneumonia
agent enters, immune system mounts response, memory cells do not stay
around + are lost. once exposed, immune system removes agent. next time
you are exposed, immune system starts from scratch again
- immune systems loses immunity after a few years to which antigens? - -
diphtheria + tetanus
need a new shot every 5-7 years
- naturally acquired passive immunity - - antibodies produced in body of a
donor are naturally transferred into body of recipient
IgA antibodies passed from mom to baby via breastmilk or placenta, last 1
year to 15 months, eventually antibodies disappear + baby mounts their own
immune response
, - artificially acquired active immunity - - antigens are intentionally
introduced in vaccines + body produces antibodies and specialized
lymphocytes
- artifically acquired passive immunity - - Introduction of antibody-rich
serum (blood plasma w/o clotting factors) taken from diseased individual to
another susceptible individual
quick response
passive = person receives antibodies
artificial = done in lab or in horse
get bit by snake, milk snake to get venom, inject it into large mammal like a
horse to produce antibodies to neutralize snake toxin, bleed horse + isolate
antibodies, give you a shot of antivenom in hospital
- passive vs. active immunization - - passive = start off with injection,
antibodies used up to fight agent, amount of antibodies quickly declines bc
person is not building any more antibodies for 10-14 days
active = natural exposure or vaccine, start with injection of antigen, mount
immune response, but you need a threshold dose of antibodies in your
system to be truly immune + to prevent signs and symptoms to become
asymptomatic. might need boosters to keep you above threshold
concentration
- 2 types of cancer vaccines - - preventative = used to prevent cancer by
targeting viruses that lead to cancer like HPV + hepatitis B
therapeutic = used to treat patients with cancer, most are in experimental
stage
- T/F: just because you are above threshold does not mean you cannot be
infected with virus - - TRUE
you have chickenpox vaccine, come across someone with chickenpox virus,
virus can still enter you + lay dormant until you're older + come back as
shingles
- history of smallpox - - epidemics in Europe, killing half the people, people
who survived were disfigured with divots in deeper layers of their skin, once
smallpox affected royals, treatment options started happening
, Edward Jenner studied subset of people who never got smallpox again
(people who survived + milkmaids). cows had cowpox, milkmaids got
cowpox virus inside of them. cowpox closely related to smallpox, memory
cells were suffice to neutralize smallpox virus. wanted to use cowpox virus to
vaccinate everyone
- considerations of a flu vaccine? - - H + N glycoproteins on surface of flu
virus
conserved areas = regions of glycoprotein that are similar from strain to
strain
variable areas = each variation of H has these regions, difference between
each
hoping immune system will neutralize conserved regions and
each flu szn need a diff flu shot due to variable regions
antigenic shift = more variable regions, more differences from strain to
strain
antigenic drift = more conserved regions, more similarities from strain to
strain
- attenuated vaccine - - injecting live microorganisms, but it is weakened bc
the virulence genes are removed, so the virus can attach + replicate in your
cells but not as quickly
this type of vaccine offers best protection bc immune system has multiple
responses
- 3 methods to design attenuated vaccine - - 1) remove virulence genes
from microbe = don't want to remove so much genetic info that you
completely change the microbe, you want microbe to be as close to original
as possible so when you are actually infected your immune system can
protect you
2) find a closely related/less dangerous organism (cowpox protects you
against smallpox) to produce a broad immune response
3) cultivate microbe under diff conditions = culture microbe in diff cell lines
w/ related receptors, microbe learns to grow efficiently in non human cells,
introduce it to human cells and microbe slowly replicates + get less virus
made + gives time for immune system to mount a response + do not feel
signs and symptoms bc its so slow
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