Exam (elaborations)
ASU MIC 205 Penton Exam 2
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- ASU MIC 205 Penton Exam 2
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- ASU MIC 205 Penton Exam 2
ASU MIC 205 Penton Exam 2
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ASU MIC 205 Penton Exam 2DNA is made of - - nucleotides
- Uracil replaces what in RNA? - - Thymine
- Phosphodiester bond - - the two backbones of DNA
- DNAs structure is - - double helix
- Antiparallel - - 2 strands that run in opposite directions, 5' to 3'
- Complementary bases - - A-T, G-C
- Bacterial DNA's shape is always what and why? - - Circular and supercoiled
in shape and it helps gene transcription
- Plasmids (Conjugation) - - pilus, horizontal gene transfer, can integrate
into the chromosome (homologous recombination)
- F+ - - F plasmid
- F- - - no F plasmid
- Steps of horizontal gene transfer (conjugation) - - 1. F pilus extends and
binds to F- cell wall
2. Cells are drawn together, protein corridor forms between cells
3. DNase cuts plasmid DNA at target site, single strand moves across
corridor, F- cell synthesizes complementary strand, F+ cell replaces
transferred strand
4. Cells separate at completion of transfer and synthesis, both are now F+
and can conjugate with other F- cells
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens - - - able to transfer plasmids across kingdoms
(to plants)
- nitrogen fixing bacteria (gas to ammonia NH3)
- makes plant tumors that produce opines (opines=supplies N and energy to
the bacteria)
- these plasmids are endosymbionts of the bacteria and "parasites" of the
plant
- used for genetic engineering GMO crops and Ab production
- RNA - - single stranded molecule
- Ribosome - - mixture of DNA and RNA, will form complex structures
, - mRNA (messenger RNA) - - - blueprint
- copy of information in DNA that is brought to the ribosome where the
information is translated into a protein
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - - - factory
- the protein factories of the cells
- tRNA (trnasfer RNA) - - - truck
- brings amino acid to the ribosome
- Genotype - - set of genes in an organism
- Phenotype - - the physical manifestation of the genotype
- In a bacteria gene regulation occurs at what level? - - Transcription
- tRNA contains what that bring amino acids to the growing polypeptide
chain? - - anticodons
- Transcription is... - - DNA to RNA
- RNA polymerase is responsible for what? - - Reading the DNA blue print
and converting it into single stranded RNA
- What does the sigma factor do in transcription? - - Enhances the binding of
the DNA poly, the faster gene expression is going to be.
- Two ways for termination of transcription... - - 1. At the end you have a
terminator, RNA poly reads it and forms a stem-loop (thermodynamic
structure), after it forms it knocks off RNA poly. Rho independent
termination.
2. Rho dependent follows RNA and catches up to it and knocks it off.
- Protein synthesis is... - - A section of DNA (a gene) being transcribed and
translated to produce a protein.
- Genes can be turned on and off. Why is this necessary? - - 1. It is a waste
of energy, needs to regulate how much energy is used.
2. Can help us control disease-causing bacteria.
- Beta-lactamase - - An enzyme that cuts up and deactivates penicillin. Only
expressed in the presence of penicillin. Inducible (turned off) when not in
presence of penicillin.
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