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Biol 442 Influenza Virus Essay
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Comprehensive and detailed Essay on Influenza Virus for Biol 442.
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INFLUENZA VIRUSVitória Nery
VIROLOGY FINAL – ESSAY QUESTIONS 05/08/2020
, Classification
The name Influenza is derived form Italian language meaning “influence”, referring to the cause
of the disease.
influenza virus is classified under Baltimore class V and are part of the group Orthomyxoviruses
from the Orthomyxoviridae family.
Virion and Genome Properties
Influenza viruses are enveloped, linear, negative sense and ssRNA viruses. Their size varies from
80-120 nm. Shapewise, they are enveloped and have a quasi-spherical or filamentous capsid.
Their genome size is about 10-15kB and thay have about 6-8 segments.
Influenza viruses are divided in four difference groups: groups A, B, C and D.
Structurewise there have about 500 spikes and nine main proteins packaged. Along these proteins
there are glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) around the central core and
also nucleocapsid protein (NP), M2 ion channels and matrix protein (M1).
Recognition and attachment
This vision starts with a cellular adhesion event that is controlled by hemagglutinin. This is the
viral ligand. Hemagglutinin recognizes and then binds to sialic acid residues. These residues are
the host receptor. These residues vary in different species, causing infections to occur in different
places. It is a factor in determining host range. For a(2,6) linkages, it is mostly in the cells of the
human respiratory tract which causes issues with the lungs. For a(2,3) linkage, this occurs in
cells lining the avian gut that cause them issues with their intestines. Both a(2,6) and a(2,3) are
prevalent in pig tracheas, which questions the possibility that mixing occurred.
Mode of entry and site of virion uncoating
Influenza virus is hemmaglutinin fusion-incompetent, meaning fusion peptide is not
exposed nor activated. Cleavage of the peptide is required for infectivity. This protease cleavage
peptide can occur in two different locations, either intracellularly or extracellularly. When it
happens intracellularly it requires furin protease, the pathogenicity is higher, and strains spread
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