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Egyptian boundary stelae, characteristics correct answers Definition:
- A flat surface cut into living rock that includes text and images
- A rock cut monument
- Types of object created for religious context—denotes kingly-religious authority
Key elements:
- Texted asserted royal control and prerogative
- Symbols of divine authority (i.e. wings of Nekhbet, Vulture Goddess of Upper Egypt)
- A living-rock monument that could be used by a king as a means of permanently and materially
expressing his wish to tie his actions to a particular landscape.
Example: Boundary Stelae of Senusret III
- Was the ancient Egyptian claim to land in Nubia
*Political & Religious Zones Delimited
Egyptian boundary temples, characteristics correct answers Example: Great temple at Abu
Simbel
- Is positioned on Nile
- Anyone on Nile would see this (see images of Rameses)
- Articulates Egyptian control and royal divinity
- Reflections categorization; idea of universal "other"
- Assertion cosmologically and of scale (meaning king's power)("tools of empire" & "tools of
power"
*Political & Religious Zones Delimited
Great Temples of Abu Simbel correct answers - Is an example of a boundary temple
*(Front of the temple displays: 4 colossal statues of him sit in pairs flanking the entrance)
Characteristics:
- Assertion cosmologically and of scale (meaning king's power)("tools of empire" & "tools of
power"
- Depictions of foreigners are artistic contributions
- Reflects categorization (idea of universal "other")
- Changes over New, Middle, and Old kingdoms
- Artistic expression of "other" & emphasizes subordination
Borders signs in modern world: elements and concepts, comparison with ancient markings
correct answers Purpose:
- To show people that they are crossing political borders; hints at when you are leaving and
entering
- An opportunity to inform people about the state, political stance, or other facts
Example:
,- State signs (i.e. NC state marker)
- Signs when entering country (i.e. South Korea's sign)
South Korea's sign:
- Warning sign that details how going beyond this marker means they can't protect you
Comparison with ancient markings:
- Both delimited political zones
- Were to inform who controls the land to display control/authority
Landscape marking in ancient Egypt: elements and concepts correct answers - Frontiers are both
conceptualizations of knowledge and space "where civilization was supposed to end and
barbarism begins: a space to be conquered"
- System for expressing power and control in political terms, but ALSO marking the edge of the
ordered world: Ma'at/Isfet
- 2 main physical manifestations: Border Stelae & Border Temples
Boundary Stele of Senusret III correct answers - Boundary Stela of Senusret III, Year 8, from
Semna-West (Berlin 14753)
- From the Middle Kingdom
- It is set up outside Egypt proper and simultaneously referring to mark Egypt's and the king's
tAS; its border dates to year eight of Senusret III
- It is assumed that the stela was erected after a military expedition in the area
States on Stelae
- Text that refuses any Nubian to pass the border except in order to trade at Mirgissa:
("proclaiming Egypt's supremacy over Nubia and calling on his successors to preserve the
boundary")
Characteristics of Non-Egyptians in Egyptian art in OK, MK, NK correct answers Old Kingdom:
- The early depictions of foreigners are remarkable for their lack of physical distinctions between
the foreigner and the Egyptian in facial features
- Several elements of the Libyan costume are paralleled by more specialized, often royal,
elements in Egyptian costume
- Libyans: the beaded bands crossed over the chest are often worn by male and female dancers,
the lock of hair, braided and curled back towards the nape of the neck, is worn by Egyptian
children as early as the Old Kingdom
- Nubians: He wears short plaited or curled hair, distinguished from the short style worn by
Egyptian men only by a few short braids at the back of the head hanging below his shoulders and
the fact that his hair is bound by a fillet, tied at the back of the head. He wears the same short
beard and broad collar often worn by officials of the period; in other examples Nubians also wear
chevron-shaped bracelets on their upper arms
Middle Kingdom:.
, - The dress, beard shape, and hairstyles of foreigners are more distinctive, but nonetheless
remain more similar to Egyptians' than they were in later periods.
- Asiatics & Nubians: often represented in the same simple wrapped kilts that Egyptians wear
- Nubians: often wear the short curled hairstyle, broad collar, and short, slightly flaring goatee
that can be seen on Egyptian officials; distinguished from the Egyptians by their greater variation
in height and a very dark brown skin color, while the Egyptians are shown as uniform in height
- Asiatics: the men wear full beards and a shorter, somewhat bouffant hairstyle. They wear
sandals and either kilts or garments wrapping over one shoulder, vertically striped with
geometrical patterns in red or pale green.
New Kingdom: - More physical distinguishing of skin color, in beards, costumes, and hairstyles
- Nubians: shown with very d
Egyptian regional stereotypes: Asiatic, Kushite, Nubian, etc. correct answers - Nubians: shown
with very dark skin, beardless, with small rounded chins, and they normally wear gold loop
earrings, hair, often tinted red with feathers, noses are short and stubby
- Asiatics: short kilts that often are colored, patterned, long slightly wavy hair thats tied by a
white fillet, sometimes with a long pointed beard, bald
- Libyans: kilts with white and black checks, penis sheaths, crossed sashes, long Y-shaped
necklace, skin is pale yellow, long plait of hair falling in front of the ear and curling back at
collarbone, a long goatee, nose is long and sometimes hooked
Sahure Relief correct answers - A scene depicting a Libyan, a Nubian, and an Asiatic captive
from the mortuary temple of Sahure at Abu Sir.
- "In the Sahure relief, the Libyan captive who leads the procession is the most distinctive. He
wears his hair straight and unbound, and long enough that a lappet covers the upper half of his
chest. A tuft of hair rises vertically from the top of the forehead, curving back towards the top of
the head, and superficially resembles an Egyptian royal uraeus. His beard is long and thin and
curves back towards his throat. He wears a high collar, below which hangs a Y-shaped necklace
from which a string of large beads falls, tucking under the woven or beaded bands that cross his
chest and presumably tie behind his back. His penis sheath is supported only by a waistband,
with a pendant loop falling over his thigh and a long tassel or tail hanging down the back."
Ivory door inlays from Medinet Habu correct answers - Ivory Inlays from Medinet Habu
depicting foreign men
*(Lesson 19, Slide 16/17—shows picture of this)
- Three tiles from Medinet Habu temple (Dynasty 20, reign of Ramesses III) showing a Libyan, a
Nubian, and an Asiatic prisoner
Greek attitudes towards foreigners and Greek self-identity correct answers Attitudes toward
foreigners:
- More concerned with customs and habit, especially language: broadly, 'culture'—nomoi
- Focused on some aspects of physical appearance, but not always
- They relied on and referred to environmental theories of difference in their discussion of
'barbarians' or non-Greeks. • Believed that different physical environments shaped the bodies of
