SPEA V185 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Rated 100% Correct!!
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Module
SPEA V185
Institution
SPEA V185
Heuristic - ️️-a rule or method that helps make decisions faster than you could if
you considered all the information
-he use of heuristics saves a lot of time and energy, but can lead to faulty decisions
when applied incorrectly
"bounded" or "intended" rationality - ️️-People do not ha...
SPEA V185 Exam 2
Heuristic - ✔️✔️-a rule or method that helps make decisions faster than you could if
you considered all the information
-he use of heuristics saves a lot of time and energy, but can lead to faulty decisions
when applied incorrectly
"bounded" or "intended" rationality - ✔️✔️-People do not have the capacity to be
perfectly rational
-Importantly, the ways they fail to be rational are repeatable and predictable rather than
random.
-Instead of pure rationality, people are rational within certain limits (they try to make the
best decisions they can, but they often fall short of achieving pure rationality)
What does it mean to be a rational actor - ✔️✔️-based on the expected utility of each
option.
-These rank-ordered preferences are stable and transitive
-You analyze all the possible alternatives and know which alternatives will work the best
the rational comprehensive model - ✔️✔️-Requires them to have complete information
and the capacity to process this information in a timely manner
-requires people to accurately place all possible outcomes on a single value dimension
(utility curve)
-Assumes that preferences are not influenced by changes in the ordering or selection of
the option under consideration
-Assumes that people are most concerned with maximizing gain, rather than minimizing
loss
Herbert Simon - ✔️✔️developed the concept of "bounded" or "intended" rationality
Implications of Bounded Rationality for the Study of Human Decision-Making - ✔️✔️-
System I will often be the default mode of decision-making because System II is very
resource intensive
-It is often impossible to precisely predict the outcomes associated with each possible
outcome
-Rather than evaluate all the possible alternatives, humans will seek to limit the
consideration of choices to a small subset of potential options
-Limits on attention restrict the number of issues or problems that decision-makers can
attend to at any given time
, Satisficing - ✔️✔️Rather than try to make the best decision possible (global optimum),
people tend to make decisions that are "good enough" (local optimum)
Parallel processing - ✔️✔️dealing with several decisions (i.e. problems) simultaneously
(i.e. in parallel)
Serial processing - ✔️✔️dealing with problems/decisions one at a time
Incrementalism - ✔️✔️-policymaking characterized by a series of decisions, each
instituting modest change
-More consistent with principles of bounded rationality than the rational-comprehensive
model
-Both an empirical argument about how the world really works, and a normative
argument about the best ways to make decisions.
Rational Choice/Public Choice - ✔️✔️The application of economic assumptions about
rationality and self-interest to the study of political behavior
punctuated equilibriums - ✔️✔️the political system often pays too little attention to a
problem for a long time, until things reach a breaking point, at which time attention shifts
and system becomes disproportionately focused on the issue.
The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making - ✔️✔️-Decision makers are as likely to
start decision making from the solution side as the problem side
-Create decision-making opportunities that they can solve with ready-made solutions
based on their competencies and skills
Groupthink - ✔️✔️-When group members striving for agreement (norm for unanimity),
fail to realistically appraise alternative courses of action
-People want to conform and are uncomfortable sharing dissenting opinions
Isomorphism - ✔️✔️Organizations start converging to look alike, either by choice or in
response to the market.
-Sometimes government policies and regulations also put pressures on organizations to
become more alike
overhead democracy - ✔️✔️-Citizens elect representatives to pass policies that they
desire
-These representatives then set up and oversee agencies who are responsible for
implementation
-agencies are controlled by politicians, and these politicians are held accountable by
elections
-doesn't work in the real world.
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