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Solution Manual For Essentials of MATLAB Programming 3rd Edition by Stephen J. Chapm
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AN INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL TO ACCOMPANYESSENTIALS OF MATLAB®
PROGRAMMING, THIRD EDITION
STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN
,INSTRUCTOR'S SOLUTIONS MANUAL
TO ACCOMPANY
®
Essentials of MATLAB
Programming
Third Edition
STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN
BAE Systems Australia
, Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................................................i
Chapter 1............................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3........................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 4........................................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 5........................................................................................................................... 79
Chapter 6......................................................................................................................... 129
Chapter 7......................................................................................................................... 183
Chapter 8......................................................................................................................... 229
Chapter 9......................................................................................................................... 269
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview will cover fundamental concepts,
applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be
categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: -
Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax
filing but also means personal liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes.
Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners
receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their
owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-
Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs
combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation,
allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business
planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity,
however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for
loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-
Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are
restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax
purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income
RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose
between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when
earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income,
directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary
(helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as
meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax
CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and
Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business
Entity Taxation#### 1.
, 2. MATLAB Basics
2.1 (a) The size of array1 is 4 5. (b) The value of array1(1,4) is -3.5. (c)
array1(:,1:2:5) is a 4 3 array consisting of the first, third, and fifth columns of array1:
>> array1(:,1:2:5)
ans =
0 2.1000 6.0000
0 -6.6000 3.4000
2.1000 0.3000 1.3000
1.1000 0 -2.0000
(d) array1([1 3],end) consists of the elements in the first and third rows on the last column
of array1:
» array1([1 3],end)
ans =
6.0000
1.3000
2.2 (a) Legal (b) Illegal—names must begin with a letter. (c) Legal (d) Illegal—names must begin
with a letter. (e) Illegal—the apostrophe and the question mark are illegal characters.
2.3 (a) This is a three element row array containing the values 2, 5, and 8:
» a = 2:3:8
a =
2 5 8
(b) This is a 3 3 element array containing three identical columns:
» b = [a' a' a']
b =
2 2 2
5 5 5
8 8 8
(c) This is a 2 2 element array containing the first and third rows and columns of b:
» c = b(1:2:3,1:2:3)
c =
2 2
8 8
(d) This is a 1 3 row array containing the sum of a (= [2 5 8]) plus the second row of b (= [5 5
5]):
» d = a + b(2,:)
d =
7 10 13
5
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