pancreas - Answer is both an exocrine gland (secreting digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct) and an endocrine gland (secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream and not through a duct).
• Two main hormones that are produced by the pancreas are insulin and glucagon. Both hormones...
Pharm: antidiabetic drugs CH. 32
Midterm Exam Questions And 100%
Correct Answers.
pancreas - Answer is both an exocrine gland (secreting digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct)
and an endocrine gland (secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream and not through a duct).
• Two main hormones that are produced by the pancreas are insulin and glucagon. Both hormones play
an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, specifically the use, mobilization, and storage
of glucose by the body.
incretins - Answer hormones released by GI tract in response to food. They:
stimulate insulin secretion
reduce postprandial glucagon production
slow gastric emptying
increase satiety
GLP-1= most important glucagon-like peptide
(glucagon like peptide)
GIP = gastric inhibitory peptide
(both hormones are rapidly deactivated by enzyme DPP-IV)
amylin agonist interaction
pramlintide - Answer by itself does not cause hypoglycemia, however, if pt taking preprandial
rapid/short acting insulin, the insulin dose needs reducing by 50%
can delay absorption of any drug taken at same time and needs to be given at least 1 hr. before any other
meds
incretin mimetics indication
Exenatide
,Liraglutide - Answer Exenatide (Byetta, pregnancy category C)
-- only available as subcut injection
-- only for type II diabetes tx, in pts unable to get blood glucose control w/metformin, sulfonylurea,
and/or glitazone
-- can't be used with insulin
-- best given 60 mins before meal
Liraglutide (Victoza)
-- similar to exenatide
amylin agonists
pramlintide, Symlin) - Answer amylin is a natural hormone secreted by beta cells of pancreas along
w/insulin in response to food
decrease postprandial plasma glucose levels by:
slowing gastric emptying
suppressing glucagon secretion and hepatic glucose production
increases satiety when given before major meals (mimic the action of the natural hormone amylin
contraindicatons:
gastroparesis
pts taking drugs that alter GI motility
adverse effects:
nausea
vomiting
anorexia
headache
amylin agonists indications
, Pramlintide - Answer Pramlintide
pregnancy Category C drug
only available amylin agonist
available only as subcutaneous injection
for type I, type II diabetes receiving mealtime insulin
can delay absorption of other orally administered drugs
contraindication: any known allergy to either drug
adverse effects:
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
necrotizing pancreatitis (rare)
weight loss (5-10 lbs)
interactions:
sulfonylurea drugs (dose may need reducing if hypoglycemia appears on initiation of exenatide therapy)
insulin and glucagon hormones - Answer Because of the critical role of the pancreas in producing and
maintaining these two hormones, the drastic measures of pancreatic or islet cell transplant are
sometimes undertaken to treat type 1 diabetes that has not been successfully controlled by other
means.
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