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Describing and Explaining Abnormality - lecture 2 £7.16
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Describing and Explaining Abnormality - lecture 2

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  • October 7, 2024
  • 2
  • 2024/2025
  • Lecture notes
  • Lucy oldfield
  • Week 2
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hannah-warren
Aims & Objectives:

 Understand how psychopathology has been defined and treated throughout history.
 Appreciate the pros and cons of diagnostic systems and alternative frameworks.

Key Concepts of Abnormality:

1. Statistical Deviance: Behavior that is infrequent.
1. Pros: Commonsense appeal, psychometric reliability.
2. Cons: Subjective; some frequent behaviors (e.g., depression) are pathological,
while some rare behaviors (e.g., genius) are not.
2. Maladaptive Behavior: Behavior that harms an individual or others.
1. Pros: Intuitively appealing.
2. Cons: Some pathologies (e.g., phobias) may serve adaptive purposes.
3. Subjective Distress: Individuals judge their own abnormality based on their level of
distress.
1. Pros: Personal perspective.
2. Cons: Subjectivity varies; some conditions (e.g., antisocial personality
disorder) involve little self-distress.
4. Breaking Social Norms: Behaviors that violate societal standards.
1. Cons: Cultural and generational variability (e.g., homosexuality was once
considered abnormal).

Historical Approaches to Abnormality:

 Primitive Times: Mental illness attributed to evil spirits; treated through
trephination.
 Ancient Civilizations: Hippocrates believed imbalances in body fluids (“humors”)
caused mental disorders.
 Middle Ages: Mental illness seen as punishment by God or demonic possession.
 18th-19th Century: Moral treatment emerges, leading to psychotherapy.
 Freud: Introduced psychoanalytic therapy, focusing on unconscious conflict and
early trauma.

Paradigms in Psychopathology:

1. Psychoanalytic: Mental illness stems from unconscious conflict (Freud).
2. Behavioral Models: Disorders arise from maladaptive learning (Pavlov, Skinner).
Focus on classical conditioning (e.g., systematic desensitization for phobias).
3. Cognitive Models: Mental disorders stem from biased thinking patterns (Beck).
Therapy focuses on changing thoughts and beliefs.
4. Genetic/Neuroscience Paradigm: Interaction between genes, environment, and brain
chemistry.

Diagnostic Systems:

 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Used in research;
latest version is DSM-5 (2013).
 International Classification of Diseases (ICD): Used clinically; latest version is
ICD-11 (2018).

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