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Virginia Tech Biology 1105 Unit 4 Review with 100- correct answers(graded A+).
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Virginia Tech Biology 1105 Unit 4 Review with 100- correct answers(graded A+).
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Virginia Tech Biology 1105Unit 4 Review with 100%
correct answers(graded A+)
genomics - answer branch of biology dealing with mapping,
sequencing, annotating & analyzing whole genomes
integrates classical & molecular genetics to better understand
genomes
genome - answer entire set of DNA instructions found within a cell,
contains all information needed for an individual to develop and
function
genetic map - answer this type of genome map is derived from
recombination frequency & linkage analysis
provides relative locations of genes or genetic markers
abstract (don't know where the start and end points are)
physical map - answer this type of genome map provides precise
location in genome and often has a resolution at the nucleotide
level
kilobases - answer *Physical Maps*
- use landmarks within the DNA sequence
,- common landmarks = enzyme cutting sites, small segments of
actual nucleotide sequence
- ultimate form of a physical map = placement of many genetic
markers on a complete genetic sequence
- units for physical maps: ______________
restriction map - answer *Physical Maps - 2 types*
this type of physical map was created by digesting DNA w/ more
than 1 restriction enzymes & mapping the location of the enzyme
cut sites
provides location of cut sites
chromosome maps - answer *Physical Maps - 2 types*
this type of physical map is used to study whole chromosomes or
genes which can translocate/move to other chromosomes
uses staining techniques to identify regions of interest & can be
viewed using a microscope
lower resolution → allows researchers to view entire chromosomes
or genomes at once
Sequence-Tagged Site (STS) Map - answer this type of map
combines high resolution and ability to view large pieces of DNA at
a glance
STS = a small stretch of unique DNA, found at only 1 location in the
genome that can be amplified using PCR
,used to identify location of DNA fragment in genome or piece
together fragments by analyzing overlapping STS sites
contig - answer *Sequence-Tagged Site (STS) Map*
the presence or absence of an STS site on a fragment helps
researchers to organize fragments into a continuous sequence
called a ___________
chain-terminating nucleotides - answer all sequencing methods
rely on PCR, electrophoresis, and use of _____________________
________________
ddNTPs - answer *chain-terminating nucleotides*
- the earliest form of CT nucleotides is ____________, which lack a
hydroxyl group to which nucleotides are usually added → they act as
chain-terminators when incorporated into DNA molecules during
PCR
4 - answer *ddNTPs*
- they can have any of the ____ DNA bases attached
- if the researchers knows which of the 4 ddNTPs is terminating the
sequence, they can known the base at that location in the genome
sequence
fluorescent - answer *Dideoxy (automated) Sequencing*
1. start with a template strand of unknown sequence
, 2. amplify using PCR
3. incorporate ddNTPs labeled with a _______________ marker for
A,T,G,C
4. DNA fragments created by PCR are separated using
electrophoresis
5. as fragments pass through tubes during electrophoresis, a laser
& photo-detector work in tandem to identify fluorescent ddNTPs
reversed - answer *Next Generation Sequencing*
- this method is faster, cheaper, and can sequence larger fragments
of DNA in a single reaction compared to automated sequencing
- multiple copies of fragments ensures accuracy
- difference: the CT nucleotides can be __________/changed back into
normal nucleotides, which enables each fragment to be sequenced
multiple times with new reversible CT nucleotides added each time
contig - answer most genomes are too large to be sequenced in a
single step, so most approaches require breaking genomes into
fragments, sequencing those fragments, & then assembling a
___________ by matching overlapping sequences
physical - answer the clone-contig method of fragmenting a
genome to be sequenced is when the genome is fragmented into
large pieces of DNA called clones
the clones can be arranged in order based on STS sites, which are
__________ mapping landmarks
shotgun - answer the ______________ method of fragmenting a
genome does not rely on any genetic or physical maps
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