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HISTORY USA REVISION.
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HISTORY USA REVISION.
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History: USA Jan 2023 RevisionStudy online at https://quizlet.com/_ckn50i
HISTORY USA 2024-2025 REVISION.
1. USA in 1918: 48 states, 105m. Diverse origins. Some ethnicities persecuted, like
Africans, Natives and new immigrants.
Reps want small government
Dems want big government
2. Economic benefits of WW1: - American factory production grew by 35%
- During the war recovery, the US supplies 30% of world wheat and 55% of cotton. -
Farmer's goods prices rose by 25% and their average income (if they owner the farm)
went up by 30%.
Higher demand for workers meant the number of people in work increased by 1.3m in the
last two years of the war.
The wages of unskilled workers grew by 20%
There was also an increase in opportunities for different groups, because men had gone to
fight in Europe. Women entered work and black Americans moved from agriculture to
industry. (1.5m) Harlem black population triples between 1919 and 1930.
3. Limitations of Econ. benefits of WW1: European farming had recovered by
1920, so demand for American agriculture and industry dropped again.
New workers like women lost their jobs when soldiers returned to their jobs.
Race riots due to increased black workers in industrial cities. 40 black people killed in a
1919 Illinois riot.
Farmers who had borrowed money to expand their farms struggled to pay it back when
demand dropped.
4. Henry Ford and Mass Production: Henry Ford introduced the converyor belt,
where workers would line up and each worker performed a single job. This hugely
increased efficiency.
A Model T car was produced every 10 seconds on the most efficient days. Before Ford, it
had taken a skilled group of workers 12 hours to make a model T.
This led to a drop in price. Originally the model T was 950 dollars, but by 1925 it was
just 290.
Low price so higher demand for the cars which creates demand for steel, rubber etc. 5.
Hire purchase: Alfred Sloan set up a credit agency, helping people to pay for something
in instalments. Once it had been fully paid for, the product became theirs. This helps the
economy because it encourages the people to keep buying.
In 1929, 75% of cars and 50% of electrical devices were bought using hire purchase.
More consumers buying more goods, demand rises and factories keep producing.
, History: USA Jan 2023 Revision
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckn50i
6. Advertisement: Attempts to affect the buying habits of people. Big posters and
colour pages in newspapers.
Listerine popularised the term 'halitosis' and then rebranded their product as the cure. It
had previously been sold as an antiseptic.
Advertisements were on the radio. Even leisure time is spent listening to ads.
Eveready Hour of NYC is sponsored by battery maker.
By 1929, an annual $2b was spent on ads and 600,000 people were in the industry.
Boosted the economy as consumer society means more spending and higher demand for
production. More production means more jobs and people have more money to spend.
7. Consumerism: Advertising tried to create a society in which buying branded goods
was important to ordinary people. People were getting richer and wanted to show
this off. Companies encouraged people to keep buying. More options were given.
Kimberley Clark sold single-use handkerchiefs.
5,000 refrigerators sold in 1921. 1m sold in 1929.
1,395 department stores by 1929.
$850m annually spent on radio equipment.
8. Stock Market Popularity: 1.5m ordinary Americans became involved in the stock
market between 1927 and 1929.
'Buying on the margin' - borrow money from a bank to invest in shares, and once they
had profited you can pay it back.
In 1925, there were 500,000 shares available to buy. By 1929, there were 1.127m. This
helped the economy to grow as companies could sell shares and use the money to grow
their business, hiring more people, giving them more money.
9. leisure industry: Average income rose by 30% in the 1920s and work hours
decreased. Leisure time grew. Between 1919 and 1929 spending in the leisure
industry increased by $1.8b
10. Cinema: 40m cinema tickets sold a week by 1924, this doubles by 1929. $2b in sold
cinema tickets annually.
By 1927, the first film with sound was released.
Created a new source of advertising, and made big stars of people like Charlie Chaplin.
11. Jazz and dancing: Louis Armstrong became famous.
Scott Fitzgerald calls it the 'Jazz age'
Was popular among all races, but attracted criticism as it was associated with immoral
behaviour among young people.
, History: USA Jan 2023 Revision
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckn50i
Charleston was very energetic and even called a building to fall.
Marathon dancing
12. Sport: In 1921, 300,000 people went to watch the World Series. Babe Ruth.
13. Radio and advertising: Number of radios in USA grew from 60,000 in 1920 to
10m in 1929. NBC set up in 1926. Radios meant relaxed leisure time but people also
listened to adverts. Some took photgraphy as a hobby with Kodak cameras, and
people washed their mouth with Colgate and listerine.
14. Motoring: The decade began with 8m car owners and ended with 23m. General
Motors provided more variety than Henry Ford.
People could go places so
Visits to national parks went up from 200,000 to 2.7m between 1910 and 1930.
Shopping centres began.
Influence of major cities grew because they were now accessible for rural people.
15. Women in jobs: During the war, 20% of workers were women. However, they were
not expected to work if married. When soldiers came back they were pushed out.
In the 1920s, 2m women joined the workforce so they were back to 20%. Married women
also began to work, 3m were doing this in the 1920s.
Limitation: Most women were still in traditionally female jobs, and did not achieve equal
pay.
16. Women's rights: NY allowed women to vote in state elections in 1917. Women still
had no equal pay and most had no vote either.
In the 1920s, women were allowed to vote by the 19th amendment in 1920. In 1928, there
were 145 women in state governments. This meant laws were passed that reflected their
interests, like support for pregnant women.
Limitation: Most women voted however their husband wanted them to.
17. Women's lifestyle: Stay at home and and obey husband.Most women spent their
time cooking, cleaning and raising children. If they went out, would be chaperoned
and expected not to smoke or drink.
In the 1920s, women got more freedom. The divorce rate rose from 10 to 17% and the
birth rate fell to 21.3 births per 100 people. Vacuum cleaners etc made life easier and
some women even left and became flappers.
, History: USA Jan 2023 Revision
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckn50i
Limitation: The ratio of men to women in higher education rose in the 1920s.
18. Flappers: Radical young women who rejected traditional values. They cut their hair
short, wore short skirts, put on makeup, drove themselves to dancehalls and smoked
and danced. This was a rejection of their traditional 19th century parents.
Increased independence meant:
- Women began going on dates without chaperones
- More money was spent on perfume and makeup- Women had sex
before marriage
Many flappers returned to traditional life as they aged.
19. Reasons for fall in demand for farmers: In 1924, 600,000 people lost their farms.
- Man made materials like rayon decreased demand for cotton
- Prohibition, introduced by 1920, killed the alcohol industry so no wheat
- Mechanisation meant that farmers needed fuel to run their farm and not just food for
horses.
- The US put tariffs on foreign goods, so foreign nations put tariffs on US goods and
foreign demand continued to fall.
- Europe was recovering by 1922 and no longer needed US goods.
20. Reasons for increased production by farmers: - Easy access to credit made it easy
for farmers to expand and buy more equipment
- Mechanisation: 10x as many tractors in 1920 than in 1915. This sped up food
production and meant you could farm more land with fewer people. - Science like
pesticides and fertilisers etc
Increased production and lower demand meant huge drops in prices. Many farmers went
bankrupt and their workers all lost their jobs. Income went down and farmers were
reduced to only a fifth of the Labour force, down from a third. Their number had been
reduced by 1m.
21. Decline of coal mining: Oil was replacing coal. By 1929, 550,000 homes were
heated by oil. Electricity and gas were competing power sources.
22. Decline of textiles: Silk and rayon take over from cotton and wool. Mills in New
England and the South closed and workers lost jobs. The cotton farmers in the South also
struggled.
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