Solutions for Computing Essentials 2025, Evergreen Release by O'Leary (All Chapters included)
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Module
Statistical computing in r
Institution
Statistical Computing In R
Complete Solutions Manual for Computing Essentials 2025, Evergreen Release 2024 by Timothy J. O'Leary, Linda I. O'Leary ; ISBN13: 9781265700171....(Full Chapters included and organized in reverse order from Chapter 13 to 1)...1. Information Technology, the Internet, and You
2. The Internet, the W...
Computing Essentials 2025,
Evergreen Release by
Timothy J. O'Leary
Complete Chapter Solutions Manual
are included (Ch 1 to 13)
** Immediate Download
** Swift Response
** All Chapters included
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Information Technology, the Internet, and You
2. The Internet, the Web, and Electronic Commerce
3. Application Software
4. System Software
5. The System Unit
6. Input and Output
7. Secondary Storage
8. Communications and Networks
9. Privacy, Security, and Ethics
10. Information Systems
11. Databases
12. Systems Analysis and Design
13. Programming and Languages
,Solutions Manual organized in reverse order, with the last chapter displayed first, to ensure
that all chapters are included in this document. (Complete Chapters included Ch13-1)
Chapter 13
Programming and Languages
Lecture Guide
Learning Objectives
o Define programming and describe the six steps of programming.
o Compare design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and
logic structures.
o Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors.
o Describe CASE tools and object-oriented software development.
o Explain the five generations of programming languages.
Chapter Outline
To efficiently and effectively use computers users need to understand the relationship
between systems development and programming.
Programs and Programming
o A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the
task of processing data into information.
o The instructions are made up of statements used in a programming language such
as C++, Java, or Python.
o These can be purchased and are referred to as prewritten or packaged programs or
programs can be created or custom-made.
o Programming, also known as software development, typically follows a six-step
procedure known as the software development life cycle (SDLC).
o SDLC-The software development life cycle consists of six steps.
Program specification: The program’s objectives, outputs, inputs, and
processing requirements are determined.
Program design: A solution is created using programming techniques such
as top-down program design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures.
Program code: The program is written or coded using a programming
language.
Program test: The program is tested or debugged by looking for syntax
and logic errors.
Program documentation: Documentation is an ongoing process throughout
the programming process.
This phase focuses on formalizing the written description and
processes used in the program.
Program maintenance: Completed programs are periodically reviewed to
evaluate their accuracy, efficiency, standardization, and ease of use.
o Computer professionals, known as software engineers or programmers, use the
six-step procedure.
Step 1: Program Specification (See Figure 13-2.)
o Also called program definition or program analysis; it requires that the
programmer (or end user) specify five items:
Program objectives - Make a clear statement of the problem that is trying
to be solved.
Determine the objectives.
13-1
, Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
Desired Outputs - List what end users want to get out of the computer
system.
Specify outputs before inputs.
Input data - Once it is known what output is desired, input data can be
determined as well of the source of this data.
Processing Requirements - Define the processing tasks that must happen
for input data to be processed into output.
Program Specification Document – Ongoing documentation is essential to
record program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and required
processing.
Step 2: Program Design
o Plan a solution preferably using structured programming techniques:
o Top-down program design
Used to identify the program’s processing steps knowns as program
modules
Each module is made up of logically related program statements.
Each module should have a single function.
The program must pass in sequence from one module to the next until all
modules are processed by the computer.
o Pseudocode - an outline of the logic of the program to be written. (See Figure 13-
7.)
o Flowcharts - graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a
programming problem, known as program flowcharts. (See Figures 13-8 and 13-
9.)
o Logic structures; sequential, selection, and repetition
Sequential structure - One program statement follows another. (See
Figure 13-10.)
Selection structure - occurs when a decision must be made.
The outcome of the decision determines which of two paths to
follow. (IF-THEN-ELSE structure)
Repetition or loop structure - describes a process that may be repeated as
long as a certain condition remains true.
The structure is called a “loop” or “iteration” because the program
loops around or repeats again and again.
o The last thing to do before leaving the program design step is to document the
logic of the design.
This report typically includes pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic
structures.
Step 3: Program Code
o Writing the program is called coding.
o Use the logic developed in the program design step to actually write the program.
This is the “program code” that instructs the computer what to do using
the developed logic.
o A Good Program
What are the qualities of a good program?
Should be reliable and work under most conditions
Should catch obvious and common input errors
13-2
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