Exam (elaborations)
ATPL Human Factors Questions and Answers 2024
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Exam of 43 pages for the course ATPL at ATPL (ATPL Human Factors)
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ATPL Human Factors46.2.2 Define professionalism. - answer Professionalism in aviation refers to someone
who has:
- Expert and specialised knowledge in the field of aviation
- A high standard of ethics, behaviour and work activities while carrying out the duties of
a pilot
- High morale and motivation and a good attitude towards his/her work
- A high level of respect and shows appropriate treatment of relationships with
colleagues
- A willingness to learn but also to teach
46.2.4 Distinguish between piloting for personal reasons and for hire or reward. -
answerPiloting for personal reasons would be using a private pilots licence, where as
piloting for hire or reward would be using a commercial licence.
46.2.6 Distinguish between safety, effectiveness and efficiency in terms of pilot
responsibilities - answerSafety: "The condition of being protected from, or unlikely to
cause, danger, risk, or injury"
Effectiveness: "The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired
result"
Efficient: "Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense"
46.2.8 List the people to whom a pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her duties. -
answer- Co-pilot(s)
- Cabin crew
- Other crew
- Passengers
46.2.10 List the people to whom a co-pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her
duties. - answer- Co-pilot(s)
- Cabin crew
- Other crew
- Passengers
46.2.12 Describe key features of good and safe airmanship. - answerSomeone who has
good and safe airmanship is someone who not only has knowledge and skill but also
has awareness of the aircraft, the environment and of his/her own limitations and
capabilities.
Components of good airmanship are:
- Situational awareness
- Common sense
,- Discipline
- Minimums
- Risk Management
46.4.2 Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context. - answerHuman
factors is about human performance and human limitations both in the air and on the
ground, it encourages pilots to know themselves and is made up of three main parts:
aviation medicine, aviation psychology and aviation ergonomics.
46.4.4 Describe the fundamentals of the SHELL Model in relation to the interaction of
humans with other humans, hardware, information sources, and the environment. -
answerThe SHELL model is used to assist in the understanding of the relationship
between aviation system resources/environment and the human component in aviation.
The components of the SHELL model are:
SOFTWARE
The interaction between the human operator and the non physical supporting systems.
(e.g. rules and procedures)
HARDWARE
The interaction between human operator and machine (e.g. ergonomics)
ENVIROMENT
The interaction between human operator and internal and external environments (e.g.
air conditioning and sound proofing)
LIVEWARE (pilot)
The flight crew member who physically operates the aircraft, including their knowledge,
skills, abilities, culture, individual susceptibility and internal stressors.
LIVEWARE (other humans)
The people who operate outside the flight deck (e.g. ATC, cabin crew, engineers,
ground staff, CAA)
The components of the SHELL model do not act separately, they all interact with the
central LIVEWARE (pilot) component.
46.4.6 Explain the role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety in
flight operations requiring an ATPL - answerHuman factors programmes focus on the
faulty interactions of system components and human errors that lead to aviation
accidents and incidents. Human factors programmes aim to understand the causes
behind these faulty interactions and to develop new procedures and technologies to
eliminate known weaknesses, while also helping humans to perform better by
addressing their inherent limitations. Human factors programmes are important in
,commercial aviation as it proactively looks at ways we can reduce human error and the
role of human error in aviation accidents or incidents.
46.6.2 Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases. - answerAn increase in
altitude within the atmosphere results in a decrease of pressure. At sea level the ISA
atmospheric pressure is 1013 hPa dropping to approximately 846 hPa at 5,000ft.
46.6.4 Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude increases. -
answerThe percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere stays the same as the altitude
increases, however as the pressure is decreasing the number of oxygen molecules is
decreasing too. The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is 213 hPa this
decreases to 178 hPa at 5,000ft.
46.8.2 Describe the physiology of the respiratory system. - answerThe Respiratory
system is the system that introduces gases to the human body and performs a gas
exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide. The system consists of:
-Lungs
-Respiratory muscles
-Airways including the trachea.
It is the lungs role to constantly add oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide.
The process by which oxygen and Carbon dioxide are exchanged throughout the body
is known as diffusion.
46.8.4 Describe the physiology of the circulatory system. - answerThe circulatory
system or cardiovascular system is the system that carries oxygen rich blood
throughout the body.
Blood is made up of red blood cells that transport oxygen around the body, white blood
cells that are the bodies defence force against substances and antibodies and platelets
that have the job of clotting the blood.
The Heart is the centre of the circulatory system and is divided into two sides, each side
having two chambers. The right and left atrium are the upper chambers and the right
and left ventricles are the lower. Each side of the heart has a different job, the left side
pumps the oxygen rich blood through the arteries in the body and the right side delivers
the carbon-dioxide rich blood back to the lungs through the veins.
46.10.2 State the partial pressure of oxygen both inside and outside the lungs at sea
level. - answerThe partial pressure of oxygen outside the lungs at sea level is
approximately 150 mm Hg. Inside the lungs the presence of increased quantities of
water vapour and carbon dioxide reduce this partial pressure. The minimum required
pressure in the lungs for normal human functioning is 102 mm Hg.
46.10.4 Explain the mechanical effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on oxygen
transfer in the lungs. - answerThe higher the partial pressure of oxygen the higher the
, rate of oxygen transfer, this is due to the higher concentration of oxygen inside the
lungs compared to the concentration of oxygen in the blood, the oxygen will diffuse
easily between the two.
46.10.6 Explain the causes of hypoxia. - answerHypoxia is caused by a deficiency in the
amount of oxygen that has reached the tissues of the body and is the result of
insufficient oxygen pressure.
46.10.8 Describe the primary physiological and behavioural consequences of hypoxia
for flight crew and passengers.
46.10.10 Describe the common symptoms of hypoxia. - answerPossible symptoms and
consequences of hypoxia are:
- Fuzziness or thick feeling of the head
- General slowness of thought
- Poor or lack of judgement
- Poor or failing memory
- Clumsiness
- Euphoria
- Mental fixation on unimportant tasks
- Loss of visual sharpness, dimming, tunnel vision, and reduced colour
- Deep sighs and hyperventilation
- Skin around the lips and fingernails will become blue
46.10.12 Explain the reasons hypoxia symptoms are difficult to detect.
34.10.14 Explain the relationship between hypoxic onset and both vision and cognitive
performance. - answerDue to the effects of hypoxia on a persons cognitive and vision
performance and the subtle onset hypoxia can be difficult to detect and the sufferer may
not be aware of it.
46.10.16 Describe how hypoxia can be prevented. - answerHypoxia can be prevented
by using supplemental oxygen above 10,000ft
46.10.18 List the main factors influencing variation in hypoxia onset (tolerance) between
individuals.
46.10.20 State the factors that affect the likelihood of suffering from hypoxia. -
answerThe following factors can affect a persons hypoxia onset and the likelihood of
suffering from hypoxia:
- Cold or chest infection
- Hangover
- Effected by drugs
- Moving quickly throughout the aircraft
- Subjected to cold temperatures
- Subjected to strong g-forces
- Is anaemic
- Is fatigued
- Is a smoker
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