MCAT Biology Review, Chapter1 unit 1.1-1.5 Questions With Complete Solutions
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MCAT Biology
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MCAT Biology
MCAT Biology Review, Chapter1 unit 1.1-1.5 Questions With Complete Solutions
1. What are the three domains into which all life is classified, and which two contain prokaryotes? - The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are found in the Archaea and Bacteria domains.
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MCAT Biology Review, Chapter1 unit
1.1-1.5 Questions With Complete
Solutions
1. What are the three domains into which all life is classified, and which two
contain prokaryotes? - The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Prokaryotes are found in the Archaea and Bacteria domains.
.1. What is the primary mode of reproduction in prokaryotic cells, and how does it
differ from eukaryotic cell division? - The primary mode of reproduction in
prokaryotic cells is binary fission, which is a form of asexual reproduction. Unlike
eukaryotic cell division (mitosis), binary fission is a simpler process and can
proceed more rapidly.
.1. Who is credited with first observing and describing cells in 1665 using a
microscope? - Robert Hooke is credited with first observing and describing cells in
1665 using a crude compound microscope on a piece of cork.
.10. How does the passage highlight the evolving nature of scientific theories based
on new discoveries and evidence? - The passage highlights how cell theory
evolved as a scientific theory based on new evidence from improved
instrumentation and experimental observations over centuries.
.10. What are transposons, and how can they affect gene expression? - Transposons
are genetic elements that can insert themselves into and remove themselves from
the genome. If a transposon inserts into a coding region of a gene, it may disrupt
gene expression.
,.10. Where is the genetic material located in prokaryotic cells, and how does it
differ from eukaryotic cells? - Prokaryotic genetic material is located in the
nucleoid region without a nuclear envelope. It consists of a single circular
chromosome, sometimes with additional plasmids. Eukaryotic DNA is within a
membrane-bound nucleus, arranged in linear chromosomes.
.100. Explain the concept of membrane domains and their role in organizing
cellular processes. - Membrane domains are specialized regions with distinct
protein and lipid compositions, like lipid rafts. They organize signaling complexes
and regulate membrane trafficking.
.11. According to the passage, why were organisms initially perceived as
inseparable wholes prior to the 1600s? - Organisms were perceived as inseparable
wholes prior to the 1600s because the inability to see smaller structures through
simple optical instruments like magnifying glasses.
.11. Describe the four phases of bacterial growth and the factors that influence each
phase. - The four phases of bacterial growth are: lag (adaptation to new
environment), exponential/log (rapid division), stationary (slowed growth due to
resource limitations), and death (depletion of resources).
.11. How do prokaryotes carry out cellular respiration and generate ATP without
mitochondria? - Prokaryotes use the cell membrane for the electron transport chain
and ATP generation, as they lack mitochondria.
.12. How does incomplete antibiotic treatment contribute to the development of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria? - Incomplete antibiotic treatment can lead to the
survival of bacteria that are more resistant to the antibiotic. These resistant bacteria
can then reproduce, resulting in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains and
recurrent infections.
,.12. What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes,
and why is this difference significant? - Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (30S
and 50S subunits) compared to eukaryotic ribosomes (40S and 60S subunits). This
difference allows targeting of bacterial ribosomes with specific antibiotics.
.12. Who was the first person to view a living cell under a microscope and in what
year did this occur? - Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to view a living cell
under a microscope in 1674.
.13. What analogy did Robert Hooke use when he first described the cellular
structures he observed in cork? - When Robert Hooke first described the cellular
structures he observed in cork, he compared the spaces within the cork to the small
rooms of a monastery, known as cells.
.13. What are plasmids, and what advantages can they confer to prokaryotic cells?
- Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can be transferred between
prokaryotic cells. They are not essential for survival but can provide advantages
such as antibiotic resistance.
.13. What is the significance of the bacterial growth curve being a semilog plot? -
The bacterial growth curve being a semilog plot means that a straight line during
the exponential phase represents an exponential increase in the number of bacteria,
not a linear increase.
.14. How did the understanding that tissues are made up of cells contribute to the
development of cell theory? - The understanding that tissues are made up of cells
contributed to cell theory by showing that the function of a tissue depends on the
functions of its component cells.
, .14. How does the complexity of the cytoskeleton compare between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells? - Prokaryotic cells have a primitive cytoskeleton that is much
less complex than the cytoskeleton found in eukaryotic cells.
.14. How does the rate of bacterial reproduction during the exponential phase
compare to the other phases? - During the exponential phase, bacterial
reproduction is at its highest rate compared to the other phases, resulting in a rapid
increase in the number of bacteria in the colony.
.15. What are the consequences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on the treatment of
common infections? - Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can make common infections
more difficult to treat, as the bacteria may not respond to standard antibiotic
therapies. This can lead to more severe and prolonged infections, as well as the
need for alternative or more potent antibiotics.
.15. What is chemotaxis, and how do bacterial flagella contribute to this process? -
Chemotaxis is the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or
away from them. Bacterial flagella enable chemotaxis by allowing the cell to move
in response to these stimuli.
.15. What is the significance of cells being described as the "basic functional units
of life"? - Describing cells as the "basic functional units of life" is significant
because it establishes cells as the fundamental building blocks that enable life
processes in organisms.
.16. How did advances in molecular biology lead to the addition of the fourth tenet
to cell theory? - Advances in molecular biology, allowing scientists to study DNA
and genetic processes, led to the addition of the fourth tenet about cells carrying
genetic material.
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