PSYC 305 - Exam #2 (Chapters 6-9) || very Flawless.
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Module
PSYC 305
Institution
PSYC 305
Law of Effect correct answers behaviors leading to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in".
______________________________
Behaviors leading to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out".
Consequences of a behavior determine whether th...
PSYC 305 - Exam #2 (Chapters 6-9) || very Flawless.
Law of Effect correct answers behaviors leading to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened
or "stamped in".
______________________________
Behaviors leading to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out".
Consequences of a behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated.
Thorndike believed... correct answers that the intellectual ability of animals could be properly
assessed inly through systematic investigation.
First experimental studies of operant conditioning was undertaken by... correct answers Edward
Thorndike in 1890's
Thorndike's experiment consisted of... correct answers Famous experiments involved hungry cat
that were enclosed in a puzzle box, while a dish of food was placed outside. To reach the food,
the cat had to learn how to escape from the box.
Measured the time to escape or the latency
B.F. Skinner proposed... correct answers that there were two types of behaviors, reflexive-type
behaviors (Pavlov) and operant behaviors.
Devised his own procedure for the study of behavior, the "Skinner Box" or operant chamber.
B.F. Skinner's procedure study of correct answers The rat can earn food pellets by pressing a
response lever.
The experimenter controls the contingencies within the operant chamber, but the animal is free to
respond at any time, the free operant procedure (rate of behavior is controlled by the conditions
in the box).
Misunderstanding regarding Skinner's study and proposal... correct answers Mistakenly equate
behaviorism with the use of punishment
Skinner actually discouraged the use of punishment and talked about the negative consequences
of using punishment.
Believed strongly in the use of positive reinforcement to shape in adaptive behaviors (Walden
Two).
Discrete Trial Procedure correct answers Thorndike's procedure, once the cat gets out of the box
the trial is over, learning trails are interrupted
,(new trial doesn't start until the cat is placed back in the box)
Free Operant Procedure correct answers The operant response can occur at any time, the operant
response can occur repeatedly for as long as the subject remains in the "Skinner box" or operant
conditioning chamber.
Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Conditioning correct answers A type of learning in which
the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences, if the consequences are
contingent (an if-then relationship) upon the response.
Operant Conditioning Process correct answers 1. A discrimination stimulus that occurs before
the behavior and signals a certain consequence is now available
2. A response that produced a certain consequence
3. the consequence that serves to either increase or decrease the probability of the preceding
behavior.
Three Term Contingency: ABC correct answers Antecedent Event (notice something)
Behavior (do something)
Consequence (get something)
SD -> R -> R+
Three Term Contingency Example: correct answers 1. A tone (SD) signals that a lever press (R)
will now produce food (SR+).
2. A lever press produces a food pellet.
3. The consequence of a food pellet increases the rat's tendency to press the lever again.
Operant Behavior correct answers A class of emitted responses that result in certain
consequences.
The consequences affect the future probability or strength of those responses - not elicited by
stimuli in classical conditions, rather emitted by the organic, (more flexible behaviors)
We don't choose to emit ___ behaviors? correct answers Operant;
The behavior comes to be controlled by the contingencies of reinforcement and or punishment
that follow the behavior.
Operant Behavior Examples: correct answers Lever Press -> Food Pellet
The effect: The future probability of lever pressing increases
, Tell a Joke -> Person Frowns
The effect: The future probability of telling a joke decreases
Reinforcer correct answers Means the behavior has strengthened as a result of the consequence.
(1) must follow a behavior, (2) as a result, the future probability of that behavior increases.
Punisher correct answers Means the behavior has weakened as a result of the consequence.
(1) follow a behavior, (2) as a result, the future probability of that behavior decreases.
Operant Conditioning Perspective correct answers It is the behavior that has been reinforced. Or
punished, it is not the person or animal that has been reinforced or punished.
Only the behavior increases or decreases in frequency (easier to change the behavior not the
person)
Reinforcement and Punishment correct answers The process or procedures by which a certain
consequence changes the strength (strengthening or weakening) of a behavior.
Reinforcement and Punishment Example: correct answers Reinforcement = the use of food to
increase the strength of lever pressing.
Reinforcer = the food itself.
Punishment = the process of frowning to encourage Dr. Phelps to stop telling jokes.
Punisher = the frown itself.
Extinction correct answers The weakening of behavior through the discontinuation of reinforcers
for that behavior.
Example: Suppose a child has learned to whine for candy in the supermarket, when behaving that
way no longer results in candy, the child will cease whining.
Discrimination Stimuli correct answers A stimulus in the presence of which responses are either
reinforced or punished (sets the occasion for the response to be reinforced).
Example: Rachel always laughs at your jokes, no matter the joke. So, each time you plan to tell a
joke to Rachel you'll know she will laugh.
Discrimination Stimulus for Extinction correct answers The stimulus signals the nonavailability
of a previously available reinforcer.
Example: Lever pressing is followed by food only when a tone is sounding and NOT when a
buzzer is sounding.
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