Jurisdiction and Cooperation in Criminal Matters (3064JDCCVY)
Lecture notes
Jurisdiction and Cooperation in Criminal Matters () - Lecture and Tutorial Notes
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Module
Jurisdiction and Cooperation in Criminal Matters (3064JDCCVY)
Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
These are the lecture and tutorial notes of the course Jurisdiction and Cooperation in Criminal Matters for the academic year of (last class on date of upload). This course is part of the master International and Transnational Criminal law (period 1). The tutorial notes include the answers to the ...
Jurisdiction and Cooperation in Criminal Matters (3064JDCCVY)
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WEEK 1 – INTRODUCTION: JURISDICTION AND COOPERATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS AS PART OF
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ...................................................................................................................... 3
LECTURE NOTES ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction and practical information .......................................................................................................... 3
Internalization of criminal law........................................................................................................................ 3
Three areas of ICL ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Sources of law for jurisdiction and cooperation ............................................................................................. 4
Different criminal justice systems different views on (ideal) cooperation ...................................................... 5
WEEK 2 - THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF JURISDICTION IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL AND
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES................................................................................................................................. 6
LECTURE NOTES ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction: sources and relevance of jurisdictional principles ..................................................................... 6
Part 1: The concept of jurisdiction under international law ........................................................................... 6
Part 2: Jurisdiction on the basis of the territoriality principle ......................................................................... 7
Part 3: Extraterritorial jurisdiction on the basis of traditional heads of jurisdiction ...................................... 8
Part 4: Extraterritorial jurisdiction on the basis of universality principle ....................................................... 9
TUTORIAL NOTES ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Question 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Question 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Question 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Question 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 16
WEEK 3 – FORMS OF MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE BETWEEN STATES ............................................................ 19
LECTURE NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Multilateral assistance ................................................................................................................................. 19
The Ljubliana-The Hague Convention ........................................................................................................... 23
Joint Investigation Teams (JITs) .................................................................................................................... 23
The rise of digital and open-source data ...................................................................................................... 24
TUTORIAL NOTES ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Question 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 26
Question 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Question 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 28
Question 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 29
WEEK 4 – EXTRADITION.................................................................................................................................. 31
LECTURE NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
International cooperation in criminal matters ............................................................................................. 31
Introduction to extradition ........................................................................................................................... 31
Extradition in the European Context ............................................................................................................ 32
Principles of extradition ................................................................................................................................ 33
Extradition requests...................................................................................................................................... 38
Ljubljana-The Hague Convention on MLA .................................................................................................... 38
TUTORIAL NOTES ................................................................................................................................................... 39
Problem Q ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
Questions for Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 40
WEEK 5 – EXTRADITION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ............................................................................................... 43
LECTURE NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
1
, Extradition and human rights – situation prior to Soering ........................................................................... 43
Soering case (1989) – the prohibition of torture (art. 3 ECHR) ..................................................................... 43
Post – Soering ............................................................................................................................................... 44
Othman – the right to a fair trial (art. 6 ECHR) ............................................................................................ 45
Extradition to the US – the right to a private family life (art. 8 ECHR) ......................................................... 46
Next Step? After Soering and Othman ......................................................................................................... 46
TUTORIAL NOTES ................................................................................................................................................... 47
WEEK 6 – ALTERNATIVES TO EXTRADITION .................................................................................................... 50
LECTURE NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
Male captus .................................................................................................................................................. 50
Three basic situations of male captus .......................................................................................................... 50
What is violated by these Male captus situations? Three interests ............................................................. 51
Male captus bene detentus .......................................................................................................................... 54
Case law ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
TUTORIAL NOTES ................................................................................................................................................... 61
WEEK 7 - JURISDICTION AND COOPERATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS IN RELATION TO CURRENT EVENTS AND
DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 67
LECTURE NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................... 67
The legacy of Bangladesh/Myanmar: the ICC`s territorial jurisdictional reach regarding the Ukrainian-
Russian and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts and the situation in Belarus .......................................................... 67
Extraterritorial/universal jurisdiction over the crime of aggression: legal basis and challenges ................. 68
JITs with the participation of the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC ........................................................... 69
Digital open source information as evidence to prove alleged crimes committed in the conflict in Ukraine:
opportunities and challenges ....................................................................................................................... 70
Presentation by Ms. Quirien van Straelen, Coordinating Policy Advisor at the Dutch Ministry of Justice and
Security, on the innovative aspects and the future effectiveness of the Ljubljana-The Hague Convention . 70
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,Week 1 – Introduction: jurisdiction and cooperation in criminal
matters as part of international criminal law
Lecture notes
Introduction and practical information
The exam: there will be four questions with each 25 points. Make sure that you study the seminar
questions prior to the exam, considering some of them have been exam questions. Make sure to do
practise exams. The exam will only be two hours, by which it is important to focus on the main topics
of the lectures but also the literature!
Internalization of criminal law
There are more and more cross-border elements in national criminal proceedings. This is due to and
factors that result in the necessity of a cross-border element:
• The type of criminality: cross border criminality considering organized crime:
o Even worse due to the use of technology.
• The type of suspects;
• The witnesses abroad: they do not always live at the places where the crimes are committed;
• Other evidence abroad.
Three areas of ICL
International criminal law is a field of study which can be distinguished by three areas:
1. Jurisdiction: rules of international law governing the applicability and enforcement of national
criminal law;
2. Cooperation in criminal matters: rules of international law governing the cooperation
between national criminal justice systems in criminal matters;
3. Supra-national criminal law: rules of international law creating and enforcing criminal law of
the international community.
Jurisdiction
It is about the applicability and enforcement of national criminal law. It is about what is permissible
under international law and what is provided for under national law. Universal jurisdiction is based on
the nature of the conduct, on the crime. A number of crimes under general international law (even
without a treaty) allow for the applicability of jurisdiction. Some states are quite active in regard to use
universal jurisdiction.
Example to illustrate
Examples of crimes on which universal jurisdiction applies is maritime piracy, war crimes, genocide,
crimes against humanity.
It is about:
• Prescription: the applicability of criminal law;
• Adjudication: the possibility of a court to say something about criminal law:
Example to illustrate
Criminal law is applicable for diplomats, but they cannot be adjudicated for infringements
of criminal law considering they have immunity.
• Enforcement: acting on the basis of (a suspicion of) an infringement of international criminal
law:
o This is strictly based on territoriality except for specific situations.
3
, Accepted bases for jurisdiction under international law:
• Territoriality (flag principle);
• Active nationality;
• Passive nationality;
• Protective principle: protecting essential state interests even if the crime is committed abroad
such as counterfeiting;
• University principle.
International cooperation
It is indispensable for the national administration of criminal justice in a number of cases, such as
extradition and collection of evidence. Sometimes you want to improve the administration of justice,
for example considering the transfer of proceedings for which international cooperation is also
important. Sometimes it can be important for humanitarian reasons (transfer of execution of
sentences).
There are several possibilities of cooperation:
• Depends on available network of legal assistance treaties;
• Depends on political influence.
Supra-national criminal law
Criminal law of the international community of which the starting point are international crimes. There
are different types of crimes for example transnational and core crimes. The crucial question is
whether there is criminal liability directly under international law and what the applicable of general
principles are (see para. 3 Rome Statute).
The crimes are prosecuted through international criminal tribunals and national courts.
Sources of law for jurisdiction and cooperation
There are different sources:
• Domestic law: national law implements international rules and obligations but also serves as
a framework/ starting point for a state creating international law:
o The constitution: some constitutions have in their constitution that international law
provisions are directly applicable to domestic law. Others have a clause where
nationals will not be extradited:
▪ This does show limited trust in the legal systems of other States.
o Penal Code and Code of Criminal procedure: in many States, extradition is
incorporated in the DCC but some States have a separate law for that;
o Special laws.
• International law:
o The sources can be found in the State of the International Court of Justice (art. 38
Statute ICJ);
o (Bilateral and multilateral) cooperation treaties: this is the predominant source for
cooperation;
o Multilateral treaties on special crimes, containing provisions on jurisdiction and
cooperation:
▪ Examples: corruption treaty, convention against torture.
o Customary international law.
There is the possibility of conflicting sources of international law, and this is mostly seen with an
extradition obligation and human rights obligations (the obligation to extradite and the obligation to
protect).
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